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Antioxidant Micronutrients and Essential Fatty Acids Supplementation on Cystic Fibrosis Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Antioxidant micronutrients and essential fatty acids supplementation intake appears to have a protective effect in some diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and asthma.Correlations between Fruit, Vegetables, Fish, Vitamins, and Fatty Acids Estimated by Web-Based Nonconsecutive Dietary Records and Respective Biomarkers of Nutritional Status
It is of major importance to measure the validity of self-reported dietary intake using web-based instruments before applying them in large-scale studies.Effects of Medium-Chain Triglycerides on Weight Loss and Body Composition: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) may result in negative energy balance and weight loss through increased energy expenditure and lipid oxidation. However, results from human intervention studies investigating the weight reducing potential of MCTs, have been mixed.What Are n-7 Fatty Acids and Are There Health Benefits Associated with Them?
Dietary fatty acids are often characterized by their saturation status. Of all the fatty acid categories, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are consumed the most, comprising 36% of total fat intake, and the majority of MUFA consumption is oleic acid at 27 g/day. Second to oleic acid is palmitoleic acid at 1.2 g/day. Palmitoleic acid is an n-7 fatty acid, which is a small family of unsaturated fatty acids in which the site of unsaturation is seven carbon atoms from the end of the carbon chain. Palmitoleic acid is not commonly found in food but is a product of palmitic acid metabolism in the body.Dietary Fat Increases Vitamin D-3 Absorption
The plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to supplementation with vitamin D varies widely, but vitamin D absorption differences based on diet composition is poorly understood.Saturated Fat Intake Modulates the Association between an Obesity Genetic Risk Score and Body Mass Index in Two US Populations
Combining multiple genetic variants related to obesity into a genetic risk score (GRS) might improve identification of individuals at risk of developing obesity. Moreover, characterizing gene–diet interactions is a research challenge to establish dietary recommendations to individuals with higher predisposition to obesity. Our objective was to analyze the association between an obesity GRS and body mass index (BMI) in the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) population, focusing on gene–diet interactions with total fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake, and to replicate findings in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) population.Egg n-3 Fatty Acid Composition Modulates Biomarkers of Choline Metabolism in Free-Living Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian Women of Reproductive Age
The lacto-ovo-vegetarian (LOV) dietary regimen allows eggs, which are a rich source of choline. Consumption of eggs by LOV women may be especially important during pregnancy and lactation when demand for choline is high. The aim of this single blind, randomized, crossover-feeding study was to determine how near-daily egg consumption influenced biomarkers of choline metabolism in healthy LOV women of reproductive age (n=15). Because long-chain n-3 fatty acids could influence choline metabolism, the effect of n-3–enriched vs nonenriched eggs on choline metabolites was also investigated.Traditional Dietary Pattern Is Associated with Elevated Cholesterol among the Inuit of Nunavik
Our cross-sectional study assessed the associations between dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among Nunavik Inuit. This study was conducted as part of the 2004 Nunavik Inuit Health Survey, which included the collection of clinical measurements, plasma samples, and diet information from a food frequency questionnaire. A sample of 666 Inuit aged 18 years and older was included in our analyses. Dietary patterns were generated by principal component analysis. Multivariate general linear models adjusting for sex, age, waist circumference, and other potential confounders were used to examine associations between dietary patterns and CVD risk factors.Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Dietary Fatty Acids for Healthy Adults
It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (the Academy) that dietary fat for the healthy adult population should provide 20% to 35% of energy, with an increased consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and limited intake of saturated and trans fats. The Academy recommends a food-based approach through a diet that includes regular consumption of fatty fish, nuts and seeds, lean meats and poultry, low-fat dairy products, vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes. These recommendations are made within the context of rapidly evolving science delineating the influence of dietary fat and specific fatty acids on human health.Estimation of Fish Intake in Asian and White Female Adolescents, and Association with 2-Year Changes in Body Fatness and Body Fat Distribution: The Female Adolescent Maturation Study
Fish is an important source of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in the diets of female adolescents, which may affect adipose tissue deposition.Nutrient Profiles of Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Dietary Patterns
Differences in nutrient profiles between vegetarian and nonvegetarian dietary patterns reflect nutritional differences that can contribute to the development of disease.Consumption of Stearidonic Acid−Rich Oil in Foods Increases Red Blood Cell Eicosapentaenoic Acid
Consumption of soybean oil enriched with stearidonic acid was previously shown to increase eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in red blood cells (RBC).Acne: The Role of Medical Nutrition Therapy
Acne is a common disease in Westernized nations, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Acne has substantial effects on quality of life, making treatment essential. Medical nutrition therapy as a potential treatment for acne is not new, although the literature examining diet and acne during the past 100 years is mixed. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, diet was commonly used as an adjunct treatment for acne. During the 1960s, however, the diet–acne connection fell out of favor. In recent years, dermatologists and registered dietitians have revisited the idea and become increasingly interested in the role of medical nutrition therapy in acne treatment.Dose-Dependent Consumption of Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Increases Plasma Phospholipid n-3 Fatty Acids Differentially
Enhanced n-3 fatty acid intake benefits cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction. Increasing consumption at a population level may be better addressed by diet than through supplementation. However, limited data are available on the effect of the dose response to fish intake on plasma levels of n-3 fatty acids. To compare the effects of different doses of farmed Atlantic salmon on plasma phospholipid fatty acid proportions and CVD risk biomarkers (eg, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6) in healthy subjects we performed a randomized three-period crossover-designed trial (4-week treatment, 4- to 8-week washout) to compare the effects of twice per week consumption of farmed Atlantic salmon at doses of 90, 180, and 270 g in 19 apparently healthy men and women (mean age 40 to 65 years) and a body mass index between 25 and 34.9.Fat-Free Mass Depletion and Inflammation in Patients with Bronchiectasis
Fat-free mass depletion has been related to increased inflammatory activity and to increased morbidity and mortality in chronic respiratory diseases. The aims of our study were to determine the nutritional status and serum levels of adipocytokines and inflammatory cytokines in patients with bronchiectasis of any etiology and their relation with respiratory parameters. A cross-sectional study was designed that included patients aged >14 years with diagnostic criteria for bronchiectasis. Anthropometric parameters; a diet questionnaire; hand grip dynamometry; levels of leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α, and ultrasensitive C-reactive protein; as well as respiratory parameters (ie, clinical, radiologic, and spirometric values) were assessed.A Novel Approach to Selecting and Weighting Nutrients for Nutrient Profiling of Foods and Diets
Nutrient profiling of foods is the science of ranking or classifying foods based on their nutrient composition. Most profiling systems use similar weighting factors across nutrients due to lack of scientific evidence to assign levels of importance to nutrients.Dietary Intake and Cardiometabolic Risk in Ethnically Diverse Urban Schoolchildren
Dietary factors vary widely among ethnic groups. However, the effect of specific nutrients on cardiometabolic risk is not well understood, especially in children. Four dietary factors known to influence cardiometabolic risk (ie, carbohydrate, saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat intake) were assessed by the Block Kids 2004 Food Frequency Questionnaire in a cross-sectional sample of racially diverse fourth- through eighth-grade students (n=148) in a Boston-area school district studied between January and April 2010.Dietary Intake Measured from a Self-Administered, Online 24-Hour Recall System Compared with 4-Day Diet Records in an Adult US Population
The objective of this study was to compare nutrient intake of two 24-hour recalls collected using the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Recall to a 4-day food record. A convenience sample of university-affiliated adults was chosen because of the diverse population at this university. Ninety-three participants completed the 4-day record and were then prompted to complete two 24-hour recalls within 2 weeks after. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for nutrient intake and Healthy Eating Index 2005 (HEI-2005), a summary measure of diet quality.Effect of Dietary Linoleic Acid on Markers of Inflammation in Healthy Persons: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
The majority of evidence suggests that n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic acid (LA), reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease as reflected by current dietary recommendations. However, concern has been expressed that a high intake of dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid contributes to excess chronic inflammation, primarily by prompting the synthesis of proinflammatory eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid and/or inhibiting the synthesis of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids from eicosapentaenoic and/or docosahexaenoic acids.Soy Food Intake and Circulating Levels of Inflammatory Markers in Chinese Women
Soy and some of its constituents, such as isoflavones, have been shown to affect the inflammatory process in animal studies. The association between soy food intake and inflammatory markers has not been evaluated adequately in humans.The Role of Diet and Nutrient Composition in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the developed world. NAFLD is tightly linked to insulin resistance and considered to be the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. The cornerstone of any treatment regimen for patients with NAFLD is lifestyle modification focused on weight loss, exercise, and improving insulin sensitivity. Here we review the literature and discuss the role of diet and nutrient composition in the management of NAFLD.Are Krill Oil Supplements a Better Source of n-3 Fatty Acids than Fish Oil Supplements?
n-3 fatty acids include alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), derived primarily from plant sources; eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), derived primarily from marine sources. n-3 fatty acids can also be obtained from supplements. Reports of numerous health benefits have contributed to the popularity of n-3 supplements (1). Fish oil supplements containing EPA and DHA typically provide approximately 180 to 300 mg EPA and 120 to 200 mg DHA per capsule (2).A Novel Dietary Intervention to Optimize Vitamin E Intake of Pregnant Women to 15 mg/Day
Associations have been reported between suboptimal maternal vitamin E intake during pregnancy and childhood asthma. This pilot study conducted in 2008/2009 investigated the feasibility and acceptability of a food-based randomized controlled trial in pregnant women to optimize dietary vitamin E intake to 15 mg/day. A food-based intervention using “food exchanges” to individually optimize dietary vitamin E intake to 15 mg/day was developed and included in an advice booklet. Forty-three pregnant women with a personal/partner history of asthma were recruited at 12 weeks gestation and randomized to food-based intervention or a control group until 20 weeks gestation.The Great Fat Debate: A Closer Look at the Controversy—Questioning the Validity of Age-Old Dietary Guidance
Editor's note: On November 8, 2010, Walter C. Willett, MD, DrPH; Lewis H. Kuller, MD, DrPH; Dariush Mozaffarian, MD, DrPH; and Alice H. Lichtenstein, DSc, participated in “The Great Fat Debate” as part of the Member Showcase at the American Dietetic Association's 93rd Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo in Boston, MA. This article introduces the edited transcripts of their debate and explores both sides of the issue. An audio recording of the entire debate is available at www.eatright.org/fnce.The Great Fat Debate: The Importance of Message Translation
Editor's note: On November 8, 2010, Walter C. Willett, MD, DrPH; Lewis H. Kuller, MD, DrPH; Dariush Mozaffarian, MD, DrPH; and Alice H. Lichtenstein, DSc, participated in “The Great Fat Debate” as part of the Member Showcase at the American Dietetic Association's 93rd Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo in Boston, MA. The following is an edited transcript of Lichtenstein's presentation. An audio recording of the entire debate is available at www.eatright.org/fnce.
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