Malnutrition commonly occurs in patients with heart failure. In patients with acute heart failure, 23.1% are malnourished and 51.9% are at risk of malnutrition.1 Malnourished patients with heart failure can experience all causes of adult malnutrition, such as acute illness or injury, chronic illness, and social or environmental circumstances.2 An association has been demonstrated between heart failure and micronutrient status, such as deficiencies in vitamins A, C, D, and E, thiamine, other B vitamins, selenium, zinc, and copper.
