Abstract
US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Food security in the US: Overview. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/. Updated June 28, 2017. Accessed August 8, 2017.
Coleman-Jensen A, Rabbitt MP, Gregory CA, Singh A. Household food insecurity in the United States in 2016 [ERR-237]. Economic Research Service website. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details?pubid=84972. Published September 2017. Accessed September 11, 2017.
US Department of Health and Human Services. Coverage to care. https://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/coverage-to-care/index.html. Reviewed January 31, 2017. Accessed September 6, 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Community Health Improvement Navigator. https://www.cdc.gov/chinav/. Updated August 19, 2015. Accessed August 8, 2017.
US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy People 2020. https://www.healthypeople.gov/. Updated August 7, 2017. Accessed August 8, 2017.
US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/. Published December 2015. Accessed August 7, 2017.
Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/. Published February 2015. Accessed August 8, 2017.
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Report to the House of Delegates (HOD): Food and Nutrition Security Task Force 2014. http://www.eatrightpro.org/∼/media/eatrightpro%20files/leadership/hod/mega%20issues/food-and-nutrition-security-report-action-plan.ashx. Approved May 2, 2014. Accessed August 8, 2017.
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Position papers. http://www.eatrightpro.org/resources/practice/position-and-practice-papers/position-papers. Accessed August 8, 2017.
US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Definitions of food security. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/definitions-of-food-security/. Updated October 4, 2016. Accessed August 8, 2017.
Definitions |
Food security 1 , 14 US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Definitions of food security. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/definitions-of-food-security/. Updated October 4, 2016. Accessed August 8, 2017. |
Food security for a household means access by all members at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. Food security includes at a minimum: |
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Food insecurity 1 |
Food insecurity is the limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways. |
US Department of Agriculture Food Security Classifications 14 US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Definitions of food security. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/definitions-of-food-security/. Updated October 4, 2016. Accessed August 8, 2017. |
Food security |
High food security: No reported indications of food-access problems or limitations. |
Marginal food security: One or two reported indications, typically of anxiety over food sufficiency or shortage of food in the house. Little or no indication of changes in diets or food intake. |
Food insecurity |
Low food security: Reports of reduced quality, variety, or desirability of diet. Little or no indication of reduced food intake. |
Very-low food security: Reports of multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake. |
Food Insecurity: Prevalence and Characteristics
Coleman-Jensen A, Rabbitt MP, Gregory CA, Singh A. Household food insecurity in the United States in 2016 [ERR-237]. Economic Research Service website. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details?pubid=84972. Published September 2017. Accessed September 11, 2017.

Coleman-Jensen A, Rabbitt MP, Gregory CA, Singh A. Household food insecurity in the United States in 2016 [ERR-237]. Economic Research Service website. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details?pubid=84972. Published September 2017. Accessed September 11, 2017.
Program | Website |
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Resources for food security estimates and trends | |
Food Security in the United States | www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us.aspx |
USDA Food Atlas | www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-environment-atlas.aspx |
Feeding America—Map the Meal Gap | http://map.feedingamerica.org |
Federal nutrition assistance programs | |
Child Nutrition Programs Child and Adult Care Food Program Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program National School Lunch Program School Breakfast Program Special Milk Program Summer Foodservice Program | www.fns.usda.gov/school-meals/child-nutrition-programs |
Food Distribution Programs Child Nutrition USDA Foods Program Commodity Supplemental Food Program Department of Defense Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations The Emergency Food Assistance Program USDA Foods Processing | www.fns.usda.gov/fdd/food-distribution-programs |
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) | www.fns.usda.gov/snap/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap |
SNAP Nutrition Education | www.fns.usda.gov/snap/nutrition-education |
The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) | www.fns.usda.gov/wic/women-infants-and-children-wic |
WIC Farmers Market Nutrition Program | www.fns.usda.gov/fmnp/wic-farmers-market-nutrition-program-fmnp |
Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program | www.fns.usda.gov/sfmnp/senior-farmers-market-nutrition-program-sfmnp |
Other federally funded programs and helpful sites | |
Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program | http://nifa.usda.gov/program/expanded-food-and-nutrition-education-program-efnep |
Farm-to-School | www.fns.usda.gov/farmtoschool/farm-school |
Community-based programs and other organizations/resources | |
Congressional Hunger Center | www.hungercenter.org |
Feeding America | www.feedingamerica.org, www.HungerandHealth.feedingamerica.org |
Food Recovery (A Citizen’s Guide to Food Recovery) | www.usda.gov/news/pubs/gleaning/content.htm |
Food Research and Action Center | www.frac.org |
Mazon: A Jewish Response to Hunger | www.mazon.org |
Meals on Wheels Association of America | www.mowaa.org/Page.aspx?pid=183 |
Share Our Strength | www.strength.org |
WHY (World Hunger Year) | www.whyhunger.org |
Coleman-Jensen A, Rabbitt MP, Gregory CA, Singh A. Household food insecurity in the United States in 2016 [ERR-237]. Economic Research Service website. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details?pubid=84972. Published September 2017. Accessed September 11, 2017.
Coleman-Jensen A, Rabbitt MP, Gregory CA, Singh A. Household food insecurity in the United States in 2016 [ERR-237]. Economic Research Service website. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details?pubid=84972. Published September 2017. Accessed September 11, 2017.
Coleman-Jensen A, Rabbitt MP, Gregory CA, Singh A. Household food insecurity in the United States in 2016 [ERR-237]. Economic Research Service website. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details?pubid=84972. Published September 2017. Accessed September 11, 2017.
Weinfield NS, Mills G, Borger C, et al. Hunger in America 2014: National report. Feeding America website. http://help.feedingamerica.org/HungerInAmerica/hunger-in-america-2014-full-report.pdf. Published August 2014. Accessed August 7, 2017.
Weinfield NS, Mills G, Borger C, et al. Hunger in America 2014: National report. Feeding America website. http://help.feedingamerica.org/HungerInAmerica/hunger-in-america-2014-full-report.pdf. Published August 2014. Accessed August 7, 2017.
The United States Conference of Mayors. The United States Conference of Mayors’ Report on Hunger and Homelessness: A status report on hunger and homelessness in America’s cities. https://endhomelessness.atavist.com/mayorsreport2016. Published December 2016. Accessed August 8, 2017.
The United States Conference of Mayors. The United States Conference of Mayors’ Report on Hunger and Homelessness: A status report on hunger and homelessness in America’s cities. https://endhomelessness.atavist.com/mayorsreport2016. Published December 2016. Accessed August 8, 2017.
The United States Conference of Mayors. The United States Conference of Mayors’ Report on Hunger and Homelessness: A status report on hunger and homelessness in America’s cities. https://endhomelessness.atavist.com/mayorsreport2016. Published December 2016. Accessed August 8, 2017.
Sawhill IV, Joo N. The fed as poverty fighter. The Brookings Institute website. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/social-mobility-memos/2015/09/15/the-fed-as-poverty-fighter/. Published September 15, 2015. Accessed September 11, 2017.
Coleman-Jensen A, Rabbitt MP, Gregory CA, Singh A. Household food insecurity in the United States in 2016 [ERR-237]. Economic Research Service website. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details?pubid=84972. Published September 2017. Accessed September 11, 2017.
US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Definitions of food security. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/definitions-of-food-security/. Updated October 4, 2016. Accessed August 8, 2017.
US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Frequency of food insecurity. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/frequency-of-food-insecurity/. Updated October 4, 2016. Accessed August 8, 2017.
Food Insecurity: Potential Causes and Correlations
The United States Conference of Mayors. The United States Conference of Mayors’ Report on Hunger and Homelessness: A status report on hunger and homelessness in America’s cities. https://endhomelessness.atavist.com/mayorsreport2016. Published December 2016. Accessed August 8, 2017.
Nord M, Coleman-Jensen A, Gregory C. Prevalence of U.S. food insecurity is related to changes in unemployment, inflation, and the price of food. Economic Research Service website. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=45216. Published June 2014. Accessed September 11, 2017.
Tuttle CJ, Beatty TKM. The effect of energy price shocks on household food security in low-income households. Economic Research Service website. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=84240. Published July 2017. Accessed September 11, 2017.
Tuttle CJ, Beatty TKM. The effect of energy price shocks on household food security in low-income households. Economic Research Service website. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=84240. Published July 2017. Accessed September 11, 2017.
Weinfield NS, Mills G, Borger C, et al. Hunger in America 2014: National report. Feeding America website. http://help.feedingamerica.org/HungerInAmerica/hunger-in-america-2014-full-report.pdf. Published August 2014. Accessed August 7, 2017.
Weinfield NS, Mills G, Borger C, et al. Hunger in America 2014: National report. Feeding America website. http://help.feedingamerica.org/HungerInAmerica/hunger-in-america-2014-full-report.pdf. Published August 2014. Accessed August 7, 2017.
Food Insecurity: Nutritional and Health Outcomes and Associations across the Lifespan
Food Insecurity and Dietary Intake
Coleman-Jensen A, Rabbitt MP, Gregory CA, Singh A. Household food insecurity in the United States in 2016 [ERR-237]. Economic Research Service website. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details?pubid=84972. Published September 2017. Accessed September 11, 2017.
Weinfield NS, Mills G, Borger C, et al. Hunger in America 2014: National report. Feeding America website. http://help.feedingamerica.org/HungerInAmerica/hunger-in-america-2014-full-report.pdf. Published August 2014. Accessed August 7, 2017.
Child/Adolescent Health- and Development-Related Outcomes
Oostra R. A case to end U.S. hunger using collaboration to improve population health. ProMedica website. https://www.promedica.org/Public%20Documents/a-case-to-end-hunger.pdf. Accessed September 11, 2017.
Adult and Older Adult Chronic Disease Risk, Disease Management, and Environmental Contributors/Outcomes
Adults
Gregory C, Ver Ploeg M, Andrews M, Coleman-Jensen A. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation leads to modest changes in diet quality. Economic Research Service website. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=45062. Updated April 24, 2013. Accessed September 11, 2017.
Gregory C, Ver Ploeg M, Andrews M, Coleman-Jensen A. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation leads to modest changes in diet quality. Economic Research Service website. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=45062. Updated April 24, 2013. Accessed September 11, 2017.
Gregory CA, Coleman-Jensen A. Food Insecurity, Chronic Disease, and Health Among Working-Age Adults, ERR-235. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=84466. Updated July 31, 2017. Accessed September 11, 2017.
Gregory CA, Coleman-Jensen A. Food Insecurity, Chronic Disease, and Health Among Working-Age Adults, ERR-235. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=84466. Updated July 31, 2017. Accessed September 11, 2017.
Weinfield NS, Mills G, Borger C, et al. Hunger in America 2014: National report. Feeding America website. http://help.feedingamerica.org/HungerInAmerica/hunger-in-america-2014-full-report.pdf. Published August 2014. Accessed August 7, 2017.
Older Adults
Ziliak JP, Gundersen C, Haist MP. The causes, consequences, and future of senior hunger in America. National Foundation to End Senior Hunger website. https://www.nfesh.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Causes+Consequences+and+Future+of+Senior+Hunger+2008.pdf. Published 2008. Accessed August 8, 2017.
DelVecchio Dys T, Hake M, Morgan B, O’Leary M. Baby boomers and beyond: Facing hunger after fifty. Feeding America website. http://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/our-research/senior-hunger-research/baby-boomers-executive-summary.pdf. Published July 2015. Accessed August 8, 2017.
Weinfield NS, Mills G, Borger C, et al. Hunger in America 2014: National report. Feeding America website. http://help.feedingamerica.org/HungerInAmerica/hunger-in-america-2014-full-report.pdf. Published August 2014. Accessed August 7, 2017.
Ortman JM, Velkoff VA, Hogan H. An aging nation: The older population in the United States: Population estimates and projections. US Census Bureau website. https://www.census.gov/prod/2014pubs/p25-1140.pdf. Issued May 2014. Accessed August 8, 2017.
Adults and Older Adults
Health Care Utilization and Costs
Food Insecurity: Strategies and Solutions
Federal and Nonfederal Food and Nutrition Programs
Mabli J, Ohls J, Dragoset L, Castner L, Santos B. Measuring the Effect of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Participation on Food Security. Food and Nutrition Service website. https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/Measuring2013.pdf. Published August 2013. Accessed October 31, 2017.
Multifaceted Responses to Food Insecurity
Roles and Responsibilities of Registered Dietitian Nutritionists and Nutrition and Dietetics Technicians, Registered
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Report to the House of Delegates (HOD): Food and Nutrition Security Task Force 2014. http://www.eatrightpro.org/∼/media/eatrightpro%20files/leadership/hod/mega%20issues/food-and-nutrition-security-report-action-plan.ashx. Approved May 2, 2014. Accessed August 8, 2017.
Education and Practice
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Research
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Advocacy and Public Policy
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Article info
Footnotes
This article is a reprint of a previously published article. For citation purposes, please use the original publication details; J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017;117(12):1991-2002.
This article is reprinted as part of a supplement supported by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics with funding from Abbott Nutrition, a Division of Abbott.
This Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics position was adopted by the House of Delegates Leadership Team on April 22, 1990, and reaffirmed on September 4, 1994; June 22, 2000; May 24, 2004; May 17, 2007; and April 10, 2013. This position is in effect until December 31, 2024. Position papers should not be used to indicate endorsement of products or services. All requests to use portions of the position or republish in its entirety must be directed to the Academy at [email protected]
Authors: David H. Holben, PhD, RDN, LD, FAND, University of Mississippi, University, MS; Michelle Berger Marshall, MS, RDN, Feeding America, Chicago, IL.
STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
FUNDING/SUPPORT The authors received no funding for this article.
Reviewers: Katie Brown, EdD, RD, LD (Dairy Management, Inc., Rosemont, IL); Hunger and Environmental Nutrition dietetic practice group (Meg Bruening, PhD, MPH, RD); Jessie Coffey, MS, RDN, LMNT (University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE); Deepa Handu, PhD, RD (Academy Research, Scientific & International Affairs, Chicago, IL); Jennifer Noll Folliard, MPH, RDN (Academy Policy Initiatives & Advocacy, Washington, DC); Christine McCullum-Gomez, PhD, RDN (private consultant, Cypress, TX); Mary Pat Raimondi, MS, RD (Academy Policy Initiatives & Advocacy, Washington, DC); Stefanie Winston Rinehart, JD, MPH (Academy Policy Initiatives & Advocacy, Washington, DC); Public Health/Community Nutrition dietetic practice group (Shannon Robson, PhD, MPH, RD); Lauri Wright, PhD, RDN, LDN (University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL).
Academy Positions Committee Workgroup: Penny E. McConnell, MS, RDN, SNS (chair) (Nashville, TN); Nurgul Fitzgerald, PhD, MS, RD (Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ); Colleen Spees, PhD, MEd, RDN, FAND (content advisor) (The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH).
We thank the reviewers for their many constructive comments and suggestions. The reviewers were not asked to endorse this position or the supporting paper.
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- Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Food Insecurity in the United StatesJournal of the Academy of Nutrition and DieteticsVol. 117Issue 12
- PreviewIt is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that systematic and sustained action is needed to achieve food and nutrition security in the United States. To achieve food security, effective interventions are needed, along with adequate funding for, and increased utilization of, food and nutrition assistance programs; inclusion of nutrition education in such programs; strategies to support individual and household economic stability; and research to measure impact on food insecurity- and health-related outcomes.
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