Abstract
Keywords
Cancer prevention recommendations.
Concepts Of Validity, Reliability, and Validation
Dietary assessment primer.
THE Exposures of Interest in Dietary Assessment
Self-Report Methods for Assessing Dietary Intake
Dietary assessment primer.
Dietary assessment primer.
Dietary assessment primer.
Measurement error webinar series.
Measurement error webinar series.
Dietary assessment primer.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
- Amoutzopoulos B.
- Steer T.
- Roberts C.
- et al.
Dietary assessment primer.
Objective Measures of Dietary Intake
Measurement error webinar series.
Measurement error webinar series.
Measurement error webinar series.
Sources of Error in Data Collected Using Self-Report Methods
Measurement error webinar series.
Dietary assessment primer.
Dietary assessment primer.
Limitations in the Current Dietary Assessment Validation Literature
Best Practices in Dietary Assessment Validation
Topic | Description |
---|---|
Title and abstract | Indicate the study’s design and purpose, including the construct of interest (ie, dietary components of interest and over what time frame) and dietary assessment measure undergoing validation, in the title and/or abstract. Provide an informative and balanced summary of what was done and what was found. Avoid summary statements that do not reflect the totality of the findings and that treat validity and/or reliability as dichotomous rather than properties operating on a continuum of low to high. |
Introduction | |
Background and rationale | Explain the scientific background and rationale for the validation study. Place the study in the context of existing research on dietary assessment methods, and build justification for the specific focus of the validation study. |
Objectives | State specific objectives, including any prespecified hypotheses. Objectives should explicitly identify the aim of the study in terms of the properties assessed to examine suitability of the measure to address a given research purpose in a specified population and setting. |
Methods | |
Study design | Present key elements of the study design early. |
Measure | Describe the measure undergoing validation in detail, including how it was developed/adapted, its format, the method and location of administration, and salient characteristics such as the associated food composition database(s) and whether supplement intake is assessed. Describe the intended use of the measure (ie, to capture occurrence of consumption (or not), to rank intake among a group of persons, or to estimate absolute intake), as well as the dietary components (foods, food groups, nutrients, patterns, or other food components) and time frame of interest. |
Settings | Describe the setting, locations, and relevant dates, including periods of recruitment and data collection. Describe any characteristics of the study setting that might influence participants’ dietary intake. |
Participants | Provide the eligibility criteria and sources and methods of selection of participants. Justify the sample size. Describe the representativeness of the sample to the target population and discuss response rates. Report characteristics related to nutrition, dietary intake, and physiology considered in defining the eligibility criteria. |
Procedures | Is the measure well-constructed and grounded in an understanding of the underlying phenomenon of interest? (face and content validity)
|
Results | |
Participants | Report the numbers of individuals at each stage of the study and give reasons for nonparticipation at each stage. Consider the use of a flow diagram to illustrate. Report the results of each procedure implemented for each dietary construct of interest. |
Descriptive data | Give information on the study participants (eg, demographic characteristics) Provide salient information regarding dietary intake data (eg, low or high values, avoidance of certain foods) |
Discussion | |
Key results | Make use of all statistical tests and/or procedures to objectively summarize the key results with reference to the study objectives. Discuss the degree of validity, reliability, sensitivity to change, and/or equivalence of the evaluated measure as appropriate to the study, rather than referring to these properties as present or absent. When comparing error-prone measures to one another, consider the contribution of correlated error to measures of association. Avoid overstating the level of validity or reliability based on the available data. |
Limitations | Describe study limitations that may affect conclusions. This may include the reference measures in studies of validity or recruitment methods (eg, paid volunteers) in any study. |
Interpretation | Limit interpretations about validity, reliability, responsiveness, and/or equivalence of the evaluated measure to the specific populations and contexts evaluated, as well as the particular objectives (eg, interpretations of an evaluation of validity should be limited to validity and not reliability). Base interpretations on the totality of the evidence, including all tests and comparisons conducted, as well as results from similar studies. Place the findings in the context of other literature. |
Generalizability | Describe potential appropriate and inappropriate uses of the measure given the study design and findings. Describe features of the measure that may influence the design of studies proposing to make use of it; for example, sample size calculations to account for loss of power due to biased measurement of dietary intake. |
Other information | |
Funding | Give the source of funding and the role of the funders in the validation study and, when applicable, in prior studies on which the present validation study is based. |
Ethics | Describe the procedures for consent and study approval from ethics committee(s). |
Overarching Considerations
Is the Measure Well Constructed and Grounded in an Understanding of the Underlying Phenomenon of Interest?
Does the Measure Perform in a Manner Consistent with the Theory Underlying its Construction?
Is the Measure Accurate within Specified Performance Standards?
Studies Comparing a Method to an Unbiased Reference Measure
Dietary assessment primer.
Studies Comparing a Method to a Biased or Error-Prone Reference Measure
Dietary assessment primer.
Does the Measure Produce Data that Are Precise and Dependable?
Is the Measure Responsive to Change?
Does the Measure Produce Data that Are Equivalent or Comparable across Populations?
Interpreting and Reporting the Findings of Validation Studies
- 1.Inferences should be limited to the specific objectives of the validation study, and the specific populations and contexts in which it was conducted, in addition to differentiating findings across dietary components. Blanket statements regarding validity and reliability should be avoided. For example, it is not appropriate to conclude that a measure is valid and reliable based on a study focused only on reliability. Likewise, it is not appropriate to conclude that a measure has high validity for measuring dietary intake when findings differ according to different dietary components.
- 2.Validity is “viewed as a carefully structured argument assembling evidence from a variety of sources to support or refute proposed interpretations” of data from a method.31Thus, the totality of evidence, including all tests and comparisons conducted, should be weighed in relation to the purpose of the measure and of the validation study, as well as the study’s strengths and limitations. This includes considerations regarding the reference measure used to assess validity. For example, in the case that a biased comparison measure is used to assess validity, the only conclusion that can be reached is the extent to which the data collected correspond to that collected using the reference, not the extent to which the evaluated tool captures accurate data. When an unbiased criterion measure is used, stronger conclusions about the potential value of the tool are warranted, subject to caveats related to the study’s other strengths and weaknesses. Kelly and colleagues34refer to purpose and context validity, referring to whether all assessments conducted indicate that the measure is “suitable for the proposed use and likely to allow the research question to be answered” and the extent to which the measure will provide useful information given the proposed context.
- 3.Statistical tests should be interpreted with attention to not only statistical significance but also the meaningfulness of the results. Although cut-points, for example, for correlation coefficients and κ values have been proposed, their application to determine that a tool is valid or reliable should be used cautiously with consideration of the totality of the evidence and the intended uses of the measure. For example, for studies that assess criterion validity, attenuation and correlation values below 0.4 (reflective of estimation of a true relative risk of 2 as 1.32, in the context of a diet–disease study) have been viewed as undesirable, but this is not a sharp cut-point.85In addition, with large samples, correlations may be statistically significant, but have no practical significance.
- 4.Inferences should be nuanced, recognizing that constructs such as validity and reliability operate on continuums from low to high, and degrees in between may be appropriate depending on the research objective. For example, a dietary assessment measure may capture intake accurately enough to allow differentiation of high from low consumers, but not to compare intake with sufficient accuracy for comparison to nutrient requirements or food group recommendations.
- 5.Inferences should reflect the characteristics of the measure validated. Although a particular iteration of a 24HR or FR may have been shown to have high validity for capturing intake of a given dietary construct in a given population over a specific period of time, this may not be true for other variations of the method; for example, using different modes of administration.
- 6.Findings should be placed in the context of those from similar studies to assess the potential value and uses of the method compared with other available methods. The links between different systems of validity provided here and in Frongillo and colleagues29are intended to ensure that terms are clearly explained and related to other terms that might be used in articles reporting on other validation studies. This should support appropriate interpretation and synthesis of the literature.
- 7.Based on the study design and findings, authors should describe potentially appropriate and inappropriate uses of the measure and features that may influence the design of studies proposing to use it. For example, methods that capture diet with substantial random error will generally lead to attenuation of associations within epidemiologic research. Thus, such tools may not be useful for this purpose unless this error can be mitigated (eg, through the collection of repeat measures and statistical modelling to adjust for the random error26). In addition, findings from validation studies can be useful for estimating the loss of power due to measurement error (as error increases, the required sample size to achieve the same level of statistical power also increases).111Authors should also be clear about what their findings do not imply. For example, as noted, a comparison of two error-prone measures cannot be used to conclude that a method is valid but rather how it compares with the measure that served as the reference.
- 8.Researchers making use of the literature to select and justify a given measure should critically evaluate the available validation studies and clearly and transparently convey the findings in subsequent publications. For example, stating that a method has been shown to be valid or previously validated is insufficient for readers to assess whether the method is suitable for the given purpose and context.
Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
- Supplementary Materials
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Supplementary materials: PowerPoint presentation available at www.jandonline.org
STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
FUNDING/SUPPORT There is no funding to disclose.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS All authors conceptualized the manuscript. S. I. Kirkpatrick led the drafting of the manuscript and all authors contributed critical content and edits.
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- Dietary Assessment Methodology in Response to November 2019 IssueJournal of the Academy of Nutrition and DieteticsVol. 120Issue 6
- PreviewThe November 2019 issue of JAND neatly frames the issues surrounding the methods by which researchers measure food intake and dietary patterns. Kirkpatrick and colleagues’ article, “Best Practices for Conducting and Interpreting Studies to Validate Self-Report Dietary Assessment Methods,”1 sets a framework for the remainder of the issue, which includes assessment and associations of specific nutrient and diet patterns in the United States,2 Korea,3 Mexico,4 Brazil,5 and China,6 as well as knowledge translation in Switzerland.
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