Abstract
Background
Caffeine is frequently added to dietary supplements with claims it facilitates weight
loss.
Objective
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that caffeine administration
reduces laboratory and free-living food intake by reducing appetite and that these
effects vary by body mass index (BMI).
Participants/setting
Fifty adults aged 18 to 50 years completed the study (42% male). Exclusion criteria
included no previous experience with caffeine, previous adverse event following caffeine
consumption, taking any medications or having a medical condition contraindicating
caffeine or stimulant consumption or affecting appetite or eating, and reported tobacco
use within the past 6 months.
Design and intervention
Participants visited the laboratory on four separate occasions to complete a double-blind,
placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study. On the first three visits, participants
consumed a beverage containing 0, 1, or 3 mg/kg caffeine (order randomized). Thirty
minutes later, participants consumed a buffet breakfast, ad libitum. After leaving
the laboratory, participants completed hourly appetite assessments and dietary habit
books until midnight or bedtime. The fourth session consisted of questionnaires, debriefing,
and compensation.
Main outcome measures
Total and macronutrient intake and appetite sensations in and out of the laboratory
were measured.
Statistical analyses performed
Intake data were analyzed using mixed analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Appetite sensations
were analyzed using repeated measures mixed ANCOVA.
Results
Total laboratory energy intake was lower (∼10%) after 1 mg/kg caffeine (650.4±52.2
kcal at 1 mg/kg; 721.2±63.2 at 0 mg/kg; 714.7±79.0 at 3 mg/kg) (P=0.046). In the laboratory, appetite sensations were not significantly different by
caffeine treatment. Out of the laboratory, neither total intake nor appetite was significantly
different by caffeine treatment. There were no significant interactions between caffeine
treatment and BMI on intake and appetite sensations in or out of the laboratory.
Conclusions
These results suggest caffeine has weak, transient effects on energy intake and do
not support caffeine as an effective appetite suppressant.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and DieteticsAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Coffee, tea, and incident type 2 diabetes: The Singapore Chinese Health Study.Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 88: 979-985
- Caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and caffeine in relation to plasma C-peptide levels, a marker of insulin secretion, in U.S. women.Diabetes Care. 2005; 28: 1390-1396
- Changes in caffeine intake and long-term weight change in men and women.Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83: 674-680
- Coffee, tea and diabetes: the role of weight loss and caffeine.Int J Obes. 2005; 29: 1121-1129
- Caffeine intake is related to successful weight loss maintenance.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015; 70: 532-534
- Caffeine and coffee: Their influence on metabolic rate and substrate utilization in normal weight and obese individuals.Am J Clin Nutr. 1980; 33: 989-997
- The effect of caffeine, green tea and tyrosine on thermogenesis and energy intake.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009; 63: 57-64
- Effects of caffeine on energy metabolism, heart rate, and methylxanthine metabolism in lean and obese women.Am J Physiol. 1995; 269: E671-E678
- The appetite-suppressant effect of nicotine is enhanced by caffeine.Diabetes Obes Metab. 2005; 7: 327-333
- Effect of different amounts of coffee on dietary intake and appetite of normal-weight and overweight/obese individuals.Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21: 1127-1132
- Coffee, hunger, and peptide YY.J Am Coll Nutr. 2012; 31: 160-166
- Beverages containing soluble fiber, caffeine, and green tea catechins suppress hunger and lead to less energy consumption at the next meal.Appetite. 2012; 59: 755-761
- Caffeinated coffee does not acutely affect energy intake, appetite, or inflammation but prevents serum cortisol concentrations from falling in healthy men.J Nutr. 2011; 141: 703-707
- The effects of obesity and exercise on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in lean and obese volunteers.Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1987; 31: 595-600
- Theophylline disposition in obesity.Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978; 23: 438-444
- Nonhomeostatic control of human appetite and physical activity in regulation of energy balance.Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2010; 38: 114-121
- Appetite responds to changes in meal content, whereas ghrelin, leptin, and insulin track changes in energy availability.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 94: 2290-2298
- Food Hedonics and reinforcement as determinants of laboratory food intake in smokers.Physiol Behav. 2004; 81: 511-557
- The role of dopamine in the behavioral effects of caffeine in animals and humans.Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997; 57: 533-541
Kaplan GB. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and psychomotor effects of caffeine in humans. J Clin Pharmacol. 197;37(8):693-703.
- Modulation of leptin resistance by food compounds.Mol Nutr Food Res. 2016; 60: 1789-1803
- Comment on: Longitudinal trends in hedonic hunger following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in adolescents.Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014; 10: 130-131
- Caffeine ingestion decreases glucose disposal during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in sedentary humans.Diabetes. 2001; 50: 2349-2354
- Blood-brain barrier and energy balance.Obesity. 2006; 14: 234S-237S
- Platelet aggregation. An epinephrine induced decrease in cyclic AMP synthesis.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1970; 39: 783-789
- The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger.J Psychosom Res. 1985; 29: 71-83
- The assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons.Addict Behav. 1982; 7: 47-55
- Binge eating disorder: its further validation in a multisite study.Int J Eat Disord. 1993; 13: 137-153
- The talk test as a marker of exercise training intensity.J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2008; 28: 24-30
- Wired: energy drinks, jock identity, masculine norms, and risk taking.J Am Coll Health. 2008; 56: 481-489
- Energy drinks, race, and problem behaviors among college students.J Adolesc Health. 2008; 43: 490-497
- Food sources and intakes of caffeine in the diets of persons in the United States.J Am Diet Assoc. 2005; 105: 110-113
- Sources of caffeine in diets of US children and adults: Trends by beverage type and purchase location.Nutrients. 2016; 8: 154
- Beverage caffeine intakes in the U.S.Food Chem Toxicol. 2014; 63: 136-142
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.4th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC1994
- Quantitative and qualitative intersections between the Eight State Questionnaire and the Profile of Mood States.Educ Psychol Meas. 1987; 47: 437-443
- Central clinical states-an examination of the Profile of Mood States questionnaire and the Eight State Questionnaire.J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 1988; 10: 205-215
- Confirmatory factor analysis applied to Matthews adjective list of self-reported activation: effect of time and day.Qual Quant. 1997; 31: 95-106
- Should caffeine abuse, dependence or withdrawal be added to DSM-IV and ICD-10?.Am J Psychiatry. 1992; 149: 33-40
- Endorsement of DSM-IV dependence criteria among caffeine users.Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998; 52: 99-107
- Ecological momentary assessment of antecedents and consequences of smoking in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Subst Use Misuse. 2014; 49: 1446-1456
- Combined ecological momentary assessment and global positioning system tracking to assess smoking behavior: A proof of concept study.J Dual Diagn. 2014; 10: 19-29
- Accuracy of dietary recall using the USDA five-step multiple-pass method in men: an observational validation study.J Am Diet Assoc. 2004; 104: 595-603
Nutritionist Pro. Version 6.3.0. Stafford, TX: Axxya Systems LLC;2016.
- Nutrition labels decrease energy intake in adults consuming lunch in the laboratory.J Am Diet Assoc. 2011; 110: 1094-1097
Systat. Version 11.0. San Jose, CA: Systat Software; 2009.
- Caffeine use in sports, pharmacokinetics in man, and cellular mechanisms of action.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2005; 45: 535-562
- Does green tea affect postprandial glucose, insulin and satiety in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial.Nutr J. 2010; 9: 63
- Stimulus control and affect in dietary behaviours. An intensive longitudinal study.Appetite. 2015; 87: 310-317
- Does negative mood drive the urge to eat? The contribution of negative mood, exposure to food cues and eating style.Appetite. 2011; 56: 368-374
- Negative mood increases selective attention to food cues and subjective appetite.Appetite. 2010; 54: 134-142
- Caffeine content for coffee, tea, soda, and more. Mayo Clinic.(Published April 14, 2017. Accessed August 10, 2017)
- The role of estradiol and progesterone in modulating the subjective effects of stimulants in humans.Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007; 15: 418-426
Biography
L. M. Panek-Shirley is an assistant professor, Department of Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics, SUNY Buffalo State, Buffalo, NY.
Biography
C. DeNysschen is a professor, Department of Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics, SUNY Buffalo State, Buffalo, NY.
Biography
E. O’Brien is a research assistant, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Biography
J. L. Temple is an associate professor, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Article info
Publication history
Published online: July 19, 2018
Accepted:
May 15,
2018
Received:
February 7,
2017
Footnotes
STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
FUNDING/SUPPORT Funding for L. M. Panek-Shirley and J. L. Temple was provided by RO1 DA030386 and from the State of New York.
Supplementary materials: Podcast available at www.jandonline.org/content/podcast
Identification
Copyright
© 2018 by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
