Abstract
Background
Caffeine is a widely consumed stimulant, and caffeine-containing products are increasingly
available on the market. Few tools are available to capture caffeine intake, particularly
among young adults. To estimate caffeine consumption in the previous 24 hours, the
24-Hour Caffeine Intake Recall (CIR-24) was modeled after the Automated Self-Administered
24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool, using a brand-specific database of caffeine-containing
foods, beverages, and supplements.
Objective
To evaluate the accuracy of the CIR-24 compared with caffeine concentration biomarkers
in urine and a caffeinated beverage intake frequency screener (CBQ) designed to assess
usual intake among a young adult population in Canada.
Design/participants
In all, 79 young adults, aged 18 to 29 years, provided 24-hour urine samples and completed
the CIR-24 and CBQ.
Main outcome measures
Excretion for caffeine and eight caffeine metabolites were quantified from urine samples
using high-performance liquid chromatography-polarity switching electrospray ionization-tandem
quadrupole mass spectrometry with stable isotope-labeled internal standards.
Statistical analyses performed
Pearson correlations and weighted κ coefficients were calculated for the self-report
tools and caffeine biomarkers.
Results
The CIR-24 was significantly positively associated with all caffeine biomarkers (rp=0.28 to 0.52, κ=0.39 to 0.59), and the CBQ was significantly positively associated
with all but one biomarker (rp=0.21 to 0.40, κ=0.32 to 0.45). The CIR-24 yielded a higher mean intake of caffeine
than the CBQ. There was strong linear correlation between the CIR-24 and CBQ (rp=0.60, P<0.001), but poor agreement in absolute caffeine consumed (t=2.83, P=0.006); quartile ranking concordance was 0.44 (P<0.001). The CIR-24 performed better than the CBQ across all biomarkers in both linear
correlation and quartile ranking.
Conclusions
Although both the CIR-24 and CBQ performed reasonably well in capturing caffeine intake
compared with urinary biomarkers of caffeine consumption, the CIR-24 had stronger
agreement than the CBQ. The results suggest that the CIR-24 is a promising tool for
evaluating caffeine intake among this population.
Keywords
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Biography
L. Vanderlee is a postdoctoral fellow, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; at time of the study, she was a PhD student, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Biography
J. L. Reid is a project manager, the School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Biography
C. M. White is a project manager, the School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Biography
R. B. Acton is a PhD candidate, the School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Biography
S. I. Kirkpatrick is an associate professor, the School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Biography
D. Hammond is a professor, the School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Biography
C.-I. Pao is a research biologist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Nutritional Biomarkers Branch (CP, MER), Atlanta, GA.
Biography
M. E. Rybak is a research chemist/senior service fellow, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Nutritional Biomarkers Branch (CP, MER), Atlanta, GA.
Article info
Publication history
Published online: November 26, 2018
Accepted:
July 25,
2018
Received:
March 26,
2018
Footnotes
Supplementary materials: The Figure is available at www.jandonline.org
STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
FUNDING/SUPPORT Funding was provided by a Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) Operating Grant (“Evaluating the impact of Canada’s caffeinated energy drink policy among youth and young adults”), and a CIHR Public Health Agency of Canada Chair in Applied Public Health (D. Hammond). The funders were not involved in study design or execution. Additional support was provided by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship (L Vanderlee), a Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute Capacity Development Award (S. I. Kirkpatrick-702855), and a Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology (R. B. Acton).
DISCLAIMER The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Department of Health and Human Services, or the United States Government.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS L. Vanderlee and D. Hammond designed the research; L. Vanderlee, J. L. Reid, C. M. White, and R. B. Acton conducted the research; S. I. Kirkpatrick, M. E. Rybak, and C.-I. Pao provided essential materials and analyzed the data; L. Vanderlee, S. I. Kirkpatrick, and D. Hammond conducted statistics analysis; L. Vanderlee, R. B. Acton, J. L. Reid, and C. M. White wrote the paper; L. Vanderlee and D. Hammond had primary responsibility for final content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Identification
Copyright
© 2018 by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
