Abstract
Background
Dietary pattern analysis is a complementary method to nutrient analysis in evaluating
overall diet–disease hypotheses. Although studies have been conducted to derive dietary
patterns among Malaysians, their consistency across subgroups has not been examined.
Objective
The study aimed to derive dietary patterns empirically and to examine the consistency
and generalizability of patterns across sex, ethnicity, and urban status in a working
population.
Design
This was a cross-sectional study using data from the Clustering of Lifestyle Risk
Factors and Understanding its Association with Stress on Health and Well-Being among
School Teachers in Malaysia study collected between August 2014 and November 2015.
Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns
were derived using factor analysis.
Participants/setting
Participants were teachers from selected public schools from three states in Peninsular
Malaysia (n=4,618).
Main outcome measures
Dietary patterns derived using factor analysis.
Statistical analyses performed
Separate factor analysis was conducted by sex, ethnicity, and urban status to identify
dietary patterns. Eigenvalue >2, scree plot, Velicer’s minimum average partial analysis,
and Horn’s parallel analysis were used to determine the number of factors to retain.
The interpretability of each dietary pattern was evaluated. The consistency and generalizability
of dietary patterns across subgroups were assessed using the Tucker congruence coefficient.
Results
There was no subgroup-specific dietary pattern found. Thus, dietary patterns were
derived using the pooled sample in the final model. Two dietary patterns (Western
and Prudent) were derived. The Western dietary pattern explained 15.4% of total variance,
characterized by high intakes of refined grains, animal-based foods, added fat, and
sugar-sweetened beverages as well as fast food. The Prudent dietary pattern explained
11.1% of total variance and was loaded with pulses, legumes, vegetables, and fruits.
Conclusions
The derived Western and Prudent dietary patterns were consistent and generalizable
across subgroups of sex, ethnicity, and urban status. Further research is needed to
explore associations between these dietary patterns and chronic diseases.
Keywords
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Biography
J.-Y. Eng is a doctoral degree candidate, Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Biography
F.-M. Moy is an associate professor, Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Biography
A. Bulgiba is a professor, Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Biography
S. Rampal is a professor, Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Article info
Publication history
Published online: April 01, 2018
Accepted:
January 16,
2018
Received:
May 25,
2017
Footnotes
Supplementary materials: Tables 2 and 6 are available at www.jandonline.org
STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
FUNDING/SUPPORT This work was funded by a Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education High Impact Research Grant (no. H-20001-00-E2000069) and Postgraduate Research Grant from the University of Malaya (no. PG060-2013A).
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© 2018 by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
