Abstract
Background
As South Korea has enjoyed rapid economic development, Koreans’ diet, particularly
consumption of fast food (FF) and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), has changed.
Objective
To examine time trends in FF and SSB consumption and their associations with social
environmental status (SEnS) in South Korea.
Design
Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) were a series of
population-based cross-sectional surveys.
Participants
Data from the KNHANES conducted in 1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007-2009 for 49,826 Koreans
aged ≥1 year were used.
Main outcome measures
Consumption of FF and SSBs were assessed by a 24-hour recall. We defined two FF categories
(Western-style and Korean-style) and one SSB category. Sex, age, household income,
and residence regions were investigated.
Statistical analyses performed
The primary sampling units, strata, and sampling weights were taken into account using
SAS survey-related procedures. Logistic regression models were used to test associations
between SEnS and FF consumption.
Results
Over an 11-year period, the proportion of participants’ who consumed Western FF and
SSBs on the surveyed day doubled (P<0.05). Per capita energy contribution from Western FF also increased in adults, men,
and low-income groups. SSB consumption doubled (per capita: 32 to 82 kcal/day, only
consumers: 123 to 166 kcal/day), but consumption of Korean-style FF decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the low-income rural resident group, the high-income urban resident
group was much more likely to consume Western FF (OR=26.7[3.7, 193.4]) and SSBs (odds
ratio [OR]=3.1 [2.4, 4.1]) in 1998. However, in recent years, the patterns changed;
the high-income urban resident group was more likely to consume Korean-style FF (OR=2.0[1.3,
2.9]) and SSBs (OR=1.7[1.3, 2.1]).
Conclusions
In South Korea, people who reported consuming Western FF and SSBs on the surveyed
day almost doubled during 1998-2009, whereas those who consumed Korean FF decreased.
SEnS was related to FF and SSB consumption.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and DieteticsAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Dramatic rise in overweight and obesity in adult filipino women and risk of hypertension.Obes Res. 2004; 12: 1335-1341
- The nutrition and health transition in Thailand.Public Health Nutr. 2002; 5: 183-189
- The nutrition and health transition in Malaysia.Public Health Nutr. 2002; 5: 191-195
- Will China's nutrition transition overwhelm its health care system and slow economic growth?.Health Aff (Millwood). 2008; 27: 1064-1076
- Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries.Nutr Rev. 2012; 70: 3-21
- Prospective study on nutrition transition in China.Nutr Rev. 2009; 67: S56-S61
- The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV), 2007-2009.Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, South Korea2010
- The nutrition transition in South Korea.Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71: 44-53
- The unique aspects of the nutrition transition in South Korea: The retention of healthful elements in their traditional diet.Public Health Nutr. 2002; 5: 197-203
- Association of key foods and beverages with obesity in Australian schoolchildren.Public Health Nutr. 2007; 10: 152-157
- Fast food costs and adolescent body mass index: Evidence from panel data.J Health Econ. 2009; 28: 963-970
- Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis.Diabetes Care. 2010; 33: 2477-2483
- High-fat, energy-dense, fast-food-style breakfast results in an increase in oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome.Metabolism. 2008; 57: 867-870
- Evaluation of fatty acid content of some Iranian fast foods with emphasis on trans fatty acids.Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009; 18: 187-192
- McDonald's restaurants and neighborhood deprivation in Scotland and England.Am J Prev Med. 2005; 29: 308-310
- Exploring obesogenic food environments in Edmonton, Canada: The association between socioeconomic factors and fast-food outlet access.Am J Health Promot. 2008; 22: 426-432
- Caloric beverage consumption patterns in Mexican children.Nutr J. 2010; 9: 47
- The availability of fast-food and full-service restaurants in the United States: Associations with neighborhood characteristics.Am J Prev Med. 2007; 33: S240-S245
- Sugar-sweetened beverages and obesity prevention: Policy recommendations.J Policy Anal Manage. 2011; 30: 662-664
- A systematic review of fast food access studies.Obes Rev. 2011; 12: e460-e471
- Socio-demographic differences in food habits and preferences of school adolescents in Jiangsu Province, China.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005; 59: 1439-1448
- The guideline for the usage of KNHANES raw data.Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, South Korea2007
- Dietary Reference Intake for Korean.Korean Nutrition Society, Seoul; South Korea2005
- Dietary habits and overweight/obesity in adolescents in Xi'an City, China.Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010; 19: 76-82
- Observed sex differences in fast-food consumption and nutrition self-assessments and beliefs of college students.Nutr Res. 2009; 29: 173-179
- Are child eating patterns being transformed globally?.Obes Res. 2005; 13: 1281-1299
- Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry, America's Obesity Crisis, and What We Can Do about It.Contemporary Books, New York, NY2004
- Dynamic relations between fast-food restaurant and body weight status: A longitudinal and multilevel analysis of Chinese adults.J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013; 67: 271-279
- Fast-food consumption among US adults and children: Dietary and nutrient intake profile.J Am Diet Assoc. 2003; 103: 1332-1338
- Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among adults with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Care. 2011; 34: 551-555
- Sugar-sweetened beverage, sugar intake of individuals, and their blood pressure: International study of macro/micronutrients and blood pressure.Hypertension. 2011; 57: 695-701
- Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: Epidemiologic evidence.Physiol Behav. 2010; 100: 47-54
- Pepsi and Coca Cola in Delhi, India: Availability, price and sales.Public Health Nutr. 2011; 14: 653-660
- The Battle of the Bulge.Dorrance Publishing, Pittsburgh, PA2007
- Patterns of beverage use across the lifecycle.Physiol Behav. 2010; 100: 4-9
- Childhood obesity and neighborhood food-store availability in an inner-city community.Acad Pediatr. 2009; 9: 339-343
Biography
H. Lim is an associate professor, Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea, and Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea.
Biography
R. Choue is a professor, Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea, and Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea.
Biography
H. J. Lee is an associate professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Republic of Korea.
Biography
Y. Wang is an associate director, Fisher Institute of Health and Well-being, professor, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, and director, Systems-Oriented Global Childhood Obesity Intervention Program, Fisher Institute of Health and Well-being, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Health, Ball State University, Muncie, IN.
Article info
Publication history
Published online: October 05, 2017
Accepted:
July 31,
2017
Received:
March 23,
2016
Footnotes
Supplementary materials: The Figure is available at www.jandonline.org
STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
FUNDING/SUPPORT The study was supported in part by Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (No. 2011E3501000) and the US Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institute of Health (NIH, U54HD070725). The U54 project is co-funded by the NICHD and the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR).
Identification
Copyright
© 2018 by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
