Abstract
Background
Micronutrient intake is critical for fetal development and positive pregnancy outcomes.
Little is known about the adequacy of micronutrient intake in pregnant African-American
women.
Objective
To describe nutrient sufficiency and top food groups contributing to dietary intake
of select micronutrients in low-income pregnant African-American women and determine
whether micronutrient intake varies with early pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and/or
gestational weight gain.
Design
Secondary analysis of data collected in a cohort study of pregnant African-American
women.
Participants/setting
A total of 93 women aged 18 to 36 years, <20 weeks pregnant, with early pregnancy
BMIs ≥18.5 and <40.0. The study was conducted during 2008 to 2012 with participants
from university-affiliated obstetrics clinics in an urban setting in the northeastern
United States.
Main outcome measures
Proportion of women with dietary intakes below Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
or Adequate Intake (AI) for vitamin D, folate, iron, calcium, and choline throughout
pregnancy. Top food groups from which women derived these micronutrients was also
determined.
Statistical analyses performed
Descriptive statistics included means, standard deviations, and percentages. Percent
of women reaching EAR or AI was calculated. The χ2 test was used to assess micronutrient intake differences based on early pregnancy
BMI and gestational weight gain.
Results
A large percentage of pregnant women did not achieve the EAR or AI from dietary sources
alone; EAR for folate (66%), vitamin D (100%), iron (89%), and AI for choline (100%).
Mean micronutrient intake varied throughout pregnancy. Top food sources included reduced-fat
milk, eggs, and mixed egg dishes, pasta dishes, and ready-to-eat cereal.
Conclusions
The majority of study participants had dietary micronutrient intake levels below EAR/AI
throughout pregnancy. Findings suggest that practitioners should evaluate dietary
adequacy in women to avoid deficits in micronutrient intake during pregnancy. Top
food sources of these micronutrients can be considered when assisting women in improving
dietary intake.
Keywords
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Biography
S. W. Groth is an associate professor, University of Rochester School of Nursing, Rochester, NY.
Biography
P. A. Stewart is an assistant professor of pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.
Biography
D. J. Ossip is a professor, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.
Biography
I. D. Fernandez is an associate professor, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.
Biography
R. C. Block is an associate professor, Department of Public Health Sciences, Cardiology Department, and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.
Biography
N. Wixom is a registered dietitian nutritionist, Rochester, NY.
Article info
Publication history
Published online: January 05, 2017
Accepted:
November 16,
2016
Received:
January 6,
2015
Footnotes
STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
FUNDING/SUPPORT Support was provided by the National Center for Research Resources, a component of the National Institutes of Health (grant no. KL2 RR024136-03), the National Institute of Nursing Research (grant no. K23NR010748), and a University of Rochester School of Nursing Faculty Research Seed Grant.
Identification
Copyright
© 2017 by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
