Abstract
Background
Although it is a common practice to estimate dietary intake using three random 24-hour
dietary recalls, some studies have suggested up to nine may be necessary to reliably
estimate usual intake in youth. Given the resulting increase in resources and participant
burden, more research is needed to determine whether this method is reliable, particularly
in African-American youth at increased risk for obesity and other chronic diseases.
Objective
This study estimated the reliability with which 24-hour dietary recalls measure energy,
fat, fruit, and vegetable intake in African-American youth and examined how reliability
changes as a function of the number of recalls.
Design
This study used cross-sectional data collection across three studies.
Participants/setting
Participants were African-American youth (n=456, mean±standard deviation age 13.28±1.86
years, 64% were girls, mean±standard deviation body mass index [calculated as kg/m2] 31.45±7.94) who completed random 24-hour dietary recalls (67% completed three) conducted
by research assistants using the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour recall system
(n=258) or registered dietitian nutritionists using the Nutrition Data System for
Research (n=198).
Main outcome measures/statistical analyses
Estimates provided by multilevel models were used to calculate the proportion of variance
accounted for between individuals and the reliability of means within individuals
as a function of the number of recalls.
Results
Reliability estimates for assessing dietary outcomes using one to three recalls ranged
from 11% to 62%. To achieve 80% reliability, the following number of recalls would
need to be conducted: 8 for energy intake, 13 for fat intake, 21 to 32 for fruit intake,
and 21 to 25 for vegetable intake.
Conclusions
The common practice of assessing dietary intake with three recalls does so with low
reliability in African-American youth. Until more objective methods for reliably estimating
usual intake are developed, researchers who choose to use 24-hour dietary recalls
are encouraged to include estimates of the measure’s reliability in a priori power calculations for improved decision making regarding the number of observations
and/or sample size.
Keywords
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Biography
S. M. St. George is a postdoctoral fellow, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL.
Biography
M. L. Van Horn is a professor, Department of Individual, Family, and Community Education, College of Education, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
Biography
H. G. Lawman is director of research and evaluation, Division of Chronic Disease Prevention, Philadelphia Department of Health, Philadelphia, PA.
Biography
D. K. Wilson is a professor, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
Article info
Publication history
Published online: July 06, 2016
Accepted:
May 19,
2016
Received:
December 21,
2015
Footnotes
STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
FUNDING/SUPPORT This research was supported by three grants (F31 HD066944 to S. M. St. George, F31 DK086358 to H. G. Lawman, and R01 HD072153 to D. K. Wilson) funded by the National Institutes of Health. The study sponsor had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, writing of the paper or decision to submit the paper for publication.
Identification
Copyright
© 2016 by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
