Abstract
Background
Higher protein intake has been implicated in weight management because of its appetitive
properties. However, the effects of protein intake on appetitive sensations such as
fullness have not been systematically assessed. Meta-analysis is a useful technique
to evaluate evidence of an intervention’s effect on testable outcomes, but it also
has important limitations.
Objective
The primary aim of this study was to synthesize the available evidence on the effect
of protein intake on fullness using a quantitative meta-analysis and a secondary directional
analysis using the vote-counting procedure. A tertiary aim was to address limitations
of meta-analyses as they pertain to findings from this meta-analysis.
Design
We searched multiple databases for interventional studies that evaluated the effect
of increased protein intake on fullness ratings. Inclusion criteria for both analyses
were as follows: healthy human participants, preload studies that utilized intact
dietary protein, delivery of protein load orally, and studies reporting fullness as
an outcome. For the meta-analysis, an additional criterion was that the studies also
needed to report 2- to 4-hour area under the curve value for fullness.
Results
Five studies met all criteria for the meta-analysis. Twenty-eight studies met all
criteria for the directional analysis. The meta-analysis indicated higher protein
preloads have a greater effect on fullness than lower protein preloads (overall effect
estimate: 2,435.74 mm.240 min, (95% CI 1,375.18 to 3,496.31 mm.240 min; P<0.0001). The directional analysis also revealed a positive effect on fullness with
higher protein preloads (P<0.01). Many related scientifically rigorous studies were excluded from the analysis
because analytical criteria required a narrowly focused research question.
Conclusions
The present analyses show that higher protein preloads increase fullness ratings more
than lower protein preloads under tightly defined conditions. Extrapolation of findings
to common conditions outside the specified criteria of this analysis must be made
cautiously, as must speculation about the influence of fullness sensations on ingestive
behavior, body weight, and various health outcomes.
Keywords
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Biography
J. Dhillon is a PhD candidate, Department of Nutrition Science, Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Biography
A. Jacobs is a PhD candidate, Department of Nutrition Science, Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Biography
B. A Craig is a professor, Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Biography
A. F. Amankwaah is a PhD candidate, Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Biography
R. L. Rivera is a graduate research assistant, Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Biography
B. L. Jones is an assistant professor, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Center on Poverty and Health Inequities, Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University Public Health Program, Regenstrief Center for Healthcare and Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Biography
C. E. M. Keller is a PhD candidate, Center on Aging and the Life Course, Fisheries and Aquatic Science, Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, Purdue University Public Health Program, Regenstrief Center for Healthcare and Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Biography
J. B. Jones is a PhD graduate, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Biography
C. L. Keeler is an MS graduate, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Biography
R. D. Mattes is a distinguished professor, Department of Nutrition Science, director of public health, and director of the Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Biography
H. J. Leidy is an assistant professor, Department of Nutrition & Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia.
Biography
K. Osei-Boadi Anguah is an assistant professor of nutrition and dietetics, and Adelaide Murdock Hunt Endowed Professorship, School of Human Ecology, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston.
Biography
M. A. McCrory is an associate professor, Department of Nutrition, Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta.
Biography
M. Slebodnik is an associate librarian, University of Arizona Libraries, Tucson.
Biography
R. M. Tucker is an assistant professor, Department of Public and Allied Health, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH.
Article info
Publication history
Published online: March 03, 2016
Accepted:
January 8,
2016
Received:
July 17,
2015
Footnotes
STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
FUNDING/SUPPORT There is no funding to disclose.
Identification
Copyright
© 2016 by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
