Abstract
Background
Dietary patterns that are considered healthy (eg, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
diet and Mediterranean diet) may be more successful in reducing typical cardiovascular
disease risks compared to dietary patterns considered unhealthy (eg, energy-dense
diets such as the typical American diet).
Objective
This study assessed the effects of a Korean diet, the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for
Americans (DGA), and a typical American diet on cardiometabolic risk factors, including
lipid levels and blood pressure, in overweight, non-Asian individuals in the United
States with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Design/intervention
The study was a three-period crossover, controlled-feeding study from January 2012
to May 2012. Thirty-one subjects were randomly allocated to one of six possible sequential
orders for consuming the three diets for 4 weeks, each separated by a 10-day break.
Data analysis included 27 subjects on the Korean diet periods and 29 in the DGA and
typical American diet periods. Subjects remained weight stable.
Main outcome measures
Lipid profile, blood pressure, insulin, glucose, and 24-hour urinary sodium were determined
at baseline and at the end of each diet period.
Statistical analyses performed
The additive main effects multiplicative interactions model was used to test for a
subject by diet interaction. Differences among diets were determined using a mixed-models
procedure (PROC MIXED) with random intercept for each subject.
Results
Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased
on Korean (P<0.0001 and P<0.01, respectively) and DGA (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively) diets, but not on the typical American diet. Although an unfavorable
outcome, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased on all three
diets (Korean: P<0.0001; DGA: P<0.0001; typical American: P<0.05). No diet had a significant effect on serum triglycerides, but a slight increase
in triglycerides in the Korean and decrease in the DGA resulted in a significant difference
between these two diets (P<0.01). All three diets caused modest decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure,
which reached statistical significance for DGA only (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). No diet had significant effect on fasting insulin, whereas fasting
glucose decreased significantly on the Korean (P<0.01) and typical American (P<0.05) diets only. Urinary sodium output decreased significantly on DGA (P<0.0001).
Conclusions
After a 4-week feeding period, Korean and DGA diet patterns resulted in positive changes
in cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Keywords
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Biography
N. Schroeder is a freelance consultant, Leipzig, Germany; at the time of the study, she was a research nutritionist, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD.
Biography
Y.-H. Park is a researcher, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
Biography
M.-S. Kang is a researcher, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
Biography
Y. Kim is a researcher, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
Biography
H.-R. Kim is a senior researcher, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
Biography
G. K. Ha is a research data analyst, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
Biography
B. Caballero is a professor, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; at the time of the study, he was also a visiting scientist, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD.
Biography
A. A. Yates is retired; at the time of the study, she was principal investigator, Research in Agriculture Virtual Laboratory (RAVL) Nutrition Study, and director, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD.
Article info
Publication history
Published online: June 23, 2015
Accepted:
March 24,
2015
Received:
May 11,
2014
Footnotes
STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
FUNDING/SUPPORT Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Republic of Korea 560-500: This work is carried out with the support of Research Program for Agricultural Science and Technology Development, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea (Project No. PJ007208), and the Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture.
This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01617525.
Identification
Copyright
© 2015 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
