Abstract
Enhanced n-3 fatty acid intake benefits cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction.
Increasing consumption at a population level may be better addressed by diet than
through supplementation. However, limited data are available on the effect of the
dose response to fish intake on plasma levels of n-3 fatty acids. To compare the effects
of different doses of farmed Atlantic salmon on plasma phospholipid fatty acid proportions
and CVD risk biomarkers (eg, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin
resistance, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6) in healthy subjects
we performed a randomized three-period crossover-designed trial (4-week treatment,
4- to 8-week washout) to compare the effects of twice per week consumption of farmed
Atlantic salmon at doses of 90, 180, and 270 g in 19 apparently healthy men and women
(mean age 40 to 65 years) and a body mass index between 25 and 34.9. All study visits
were conducted at the US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Grand
Forks Human Nutrition Research Center. Eicosapentaenoic acid and total n-3 concentrations
were increased (P<0.05) by all treatments in a dose–response manner, with total n-3 of 8.03%±0.26%
and 9.21%±0.26% for 180- and 270-g doses, respectively. Linoleic acid did not change
in response to treatment, whereas arachidonic acid (P<0.05) and total n-6 fatty acids decreased dose dependently (<0.0001). The addition
of farmed Atlantic salmon to the diet twice per week for 4 weeks at portions of 180
g and 270 g modifies phospholipid fatty acid proportions of n-3 and n-6 in a level
associated with decreased risk for CVD.
Keywords
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Biography
S. K. Raatz is a research nutritionist, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, and an adjunct associate professor, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Biography
L. K. Johnson is a biostatistician, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND.
Biography
T. A. Rosenberger is an associate professor, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND.
Biography
M. J. Picklo is a research physiologist and research leader, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, and an adjunct associate professor, Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND.
Biography
W. W. Wolter is the center director and research leader, US Department of Agriculture National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, Franklin, ME.
Biography
G. S. Burr is a research geneticist, US Department of Agriculture National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, Franklin, ME.
Article info
Publication history
Published online: January 23, 2013
Accepted:
September 17,
2012
Footnotes
STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
FUNDING/SUPPORT This work was funded by US Department of Agriculture grant nos. 5450-51000-048-00D and 1915-31000-003-00D; National Institutes of Health grant no. 2P20RR017699-09; and Cooke Aquaculture, Blacks Harbor, New Brunswick, Canada.
Identification
Copyright
© 2013 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
