Abstract
Normative values and confidence intervals for the hydration indices of women do not
exist. Also, few publications have precisely described the fluid types and volumes
that women consume. This investigation computed seven numerical reference categories
for widely used hydration biomarkers (eg, serum and urine osmolality) and the dietary
fluid preferences of self-reported healthy, active women. Participants (n=32; age
20±1 years; body mass 59.6±8.5 kg; body mass index [calculated as kg/m2] 21.1±2.4) were counseled in the methods to record daily food and fluid intake on
2 consecutive days. To reduce day-to-day body water fluctuations, participants were
tested only during the placebo phase of the oral contraceptive pill pack. Euhydration
was represented by the following ranges: serum osmolality=293 to 294 mOsm/kg; mean
24-hour total fluid intake=2,109 to 2,506 mL/24 hours; mean 24-hour total beverage
intake=1,300 to 1,831 mL/24 hours; urine volume=951 to 1,239 mL/24 hours; urine specific
gravity=1.016 to 1.020; urine osmolality=549 to 705 mOsm/kg; and urine color=5. However,
only 3% of women experienced a urine specific gravity <1.005, and only 6% exhibited
a urine color of 1 or 2. Water (representing 45.3% and 47.9% of 24-hour total fluid
intake), tea, milk, coffee, and fruit juice were consumed in largest volumes. In conclusion,
these data provide objective normative values for hyperhydration, euhydration, and
dehydration that can be used by registered dietitians and clinicians to counsel women
about their hydration status.
Keywords
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Biography
L. E. Armstrong is a professor, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs.
Biography
E. C. Johnson is a doctoral student, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs.
Biography
C. X. Munoz is a doctoral student, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs.
Biography
B. Swokla is a student investigator, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs.
Biography
D. J. Casa is a professor, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs.
Biography
C. M. Maresh is department head, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs.
Biography
L. Le Bellego is head of Hydration & Health Affairs, Danone Research, R&D Waters, Palaiseau, France.
Biography
L. Jimenez is director of Hydration & Health Department, Danone Research, R&D Waters, Palaiseau, France.
Article info
Publication history
Published online: June 21, 2012
Accepted:
March 20,
2012
Footnotes
FUNDING/SUPPORT This research was funded by Danone Research, R & D Waters, Palaiseau, France.
STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST L. Le Bellego and L. Jimenez are employed as scientists by Danone Research. L. E. Armstrong serves as a Scientific Advisory Board member and consultant to Danone Research. No potential conflict of interest was reported by E. C. Johnson, C. X. Munoz, B. Swokla, D. J. Casa, and C. M. Maresh.
Identification
Copyright
© 2012 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
