Advertisement
From the Academy Position Paper| Volume 112, ISSUE 5, P739-758, May 2012

Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Use of Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweeteners

Published:April 25, 2012DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2012.03.009

      Abstract

      It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that consumers can safely enjoy a range of nutritive sweeteners and nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) when consumed within an eating plan that is guided by current federal nutrition recommendations, such as the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Dietary Reference Intakes, as well as individual health goals and personal preference. A preference for sweet taste is innate and sweeteners can increase the pleasure of eating. Nutritive sweeteners contain carbohydrate and provide energy. They occur naturally in foods or may be added in food processing or by consumers before consumption. Higher intake of added sugars is associated with higher energy intake and lower diet quality, which can increase the risk for obesity, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. On average, adults in the United States consume 14.6% of energy from added sugars. Polyols (also referred to as sugar alcohols) add sweetness with less energy and may reduce risk for dental caries. Foods containing polyols and/or no added sugars can, within food labeling guidelines, be labeled as sugar-free. NNS are those that sweeten with minimal or no carbohydrate or energy. They are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration as food additives or generally recognized as safe. The Food and Drug Administration approval process includes determination of probable intake, cumulative effect from all uses, and toxicology studies in animals. Seven NNS are approved for use in the United States: acesulfame K, aspartame, luo han guo fruit extract, neotame, saccharin, stevia, and sucralose. They have different functional properties that may affect perceived taste or use in different food applications. All NNS approved for use in the United States are determined to be safe.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

      1. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners.
        J Am Diet Assoc. 2004; 104: 255-275
        • US Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services
        Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
        (Accessed February 7, 2011)
        • International Food Information Council Foundation
        The science of sugar.
        (Updated 2011. Accessed December 12, 2011)
        • Reed D.R.
        • Tanaka T.
        • McDaniel A.H.
        Diverse tastes: Genetics of sweet and bitter perception.
        Physiol Behav. 2006; 88: 215-226
        • Meyers B.
        • Brewer M.S.
        Sweet taste in man: A review.
        J Food Sci. 2008; 73: R81-R90
        • Li X.
        • Staszewski L.
        • Xu H.
        • Durick K.
        • Zoller M.
        • Adler E.
        Human receptors for sweet and umami taste.
        Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002; 997: 4692-4696
        • Temussi P.A.
        The history of sweet taste: Not exactly a piece of cake.
        J Mol Recognit. 2006; 19: 188-199
        • Margolski R.F.
        Molecular mechanisms of taste transduction.
        Pure Appl Chem. 2002; 747: 1125-1133
        • Schiffman S.S.
        • Sattely-Miloler E.A.
        • Bishay I.E.
        Time to maximum sweetness intensity of binary and ternary blends of sweeteners.
        Food Qual Pref. 2007; 18: 405-415
        • Zubare-Samuelov M.
        • Shaul M.E.
        • Peri I.
        • Aliluiko A.
        • Tirosh O.
        • Naim M.
        Inhibition of signal termination-related kinases by membrane-permanent bitter and sweet tastants: Potential role in taste signal termination.
        Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2005; 289: 483-492
        • Grimm E.R.
        • Steinle N.I.
        Genetics of eating behavior: Established and emerging concepts.
        Nutr Rev. 2011; 69: 52-60
        • Menella J.A.
        • Pepino M.Y.
        • Reed D.R.
        Genetic and environmental determinants of bitter perception and sweet preferences.
        Pediatrics. 2005; 115: e216-e222
        • Health Canada
        Food additives.
        (Updated 2011. Accessed December 13, 2011)
        • Neltner T.G.
        • Kulkarni N.R.
        • Alger H.M.
        • et al.
        Navigating the U.S. food additive regulatory program.
        Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safety. 2011; 10: 342-368
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Determining the regulatory status of a food ingredient.
        (Updated 2011. Accessed December 13, 2011)
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Substances generally recognized as safe, 21 CFR parts 170,184,186 and 570.
        (Accessed April 1, 2011)
        • US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
        Redbook 2000: Guidance for industry and other stakeholders, toxicological principles for the safety assessment of food ingredients.
        (Updated 2007. Accessed December 13, 2011)
        • International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
        ICH guidelines, safety guidelines.
        (Updated 2011. Accessed November 21, 2011)
        • Rulis A.M.
        • Levitt J.A.
        FDA's food ingredient approval process: Safety assurance based on scientific assessment.
        Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009; 53: 20-31
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption: Sucralose.
        (Accessed November 16, 2011)
        • US Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services
        Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010.
        7th ed. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC2010
        • US Department of Agriculture
        Inside the pyramid, discretionary calories.
        (Accessed December 13, 2011)
        • Takasaki Y.
        Studies on sugar isomerizing enzyme: Production and utilization of glucose isomerase from Streptomyces spp.
        Agric Biol Chem. 1966; 30: 1247-1253
        • Phillips K.M.
        • Carlsen M.H.
        • Blomhoff R.
        Total antioxidant content of alternatives to refined sugar.
        J Am Diet Assoc. 2009; 109: 64-71
        • Cedeno M.
        Tequila production.
        Crit Rev Biotechnol. 1995; 15: 1-11
        • Mancilla-Margalli N.A.
        • Lopez M.G.
        Generation of maillard compounds from inulin during the thermal processing of Agave tequilana Weber var. azul.
        J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50: 806-812
        • Ortiz-Basurto R.I.
        • Pourcelly G.
        • Doco T.
        • Williams P.
        • Dornier M.
        • Belleville M.P.
        Analysis of the main components of the aguamiel produced by the maguey-pulquero (Agave mapisago) throughout the harvest period.
        J Agric Food Chem. 2008; 56: 3682-3687
        • Quezada-Calvillo R.
        • Robayo C.C.
        • Nichols B.L.
        Carbohydrate digestion and absorption.
        in: Stipanuk M.H. Biochemical, Physiological, & Molecular Aspects of Human Nutrition. 2nd ed. Saunders Elsevier, St Louis, MO2006: 168-199
        • National Cancer Institute
        Risk factor monitoring and methods: Table 5b.
        (Updated 2010. Accessed April 2, 2011)
        • Welsh J.A.
        • Sharma A.J.
        • Grellinger L.
        • Vos M.B.
        Consumption of added sugars is decreasing in the United States.
        Am J Clin Nutr. 2011; 94: 726-734
        • National Cancer Institute
        Risk factor monitoring and methods: Table 5a.
        (Updated 2010. Accessed December 13, 2011)
        • National Cancer Institute
        Risk factor monitoring and methods: Table 1a.
        (Updated 2010. Accessed April 1, 2011)
        • National Cancer Institute
        Risk factor monitoring and methods: Table 1b.
        (Updated 2010. Accessed April 17, 2011)
        • Reedy J.
        • Krebs-Smith S.M.
        Dietary sources of energy, solid fats, and added sugars among children and adolescents in the United States.
        J Am Diet Assoc. 2010; 110: 1477-1484
        • Marriott B.P.
        • Olsho L.
        • Hadden L.
        • Connor P.
        Intake of added sugars and selected nutrients in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006.
        Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2010; 50: 228-258
        • Thompson F.E.
        • McNeel T.S.
        • Dowling E.C.
        • Midthune D.
        • Morrissette M.
        • Zeruto C.A.
        Interrelationships of added sugars intake, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity in adults in the United States: National Health Interview Survey, 2005.
        J Am Diet Assoc. 2009; 109: 1376-1383
        • National Cancer Institute
        Risk factor monitoring and methods: Table 8a.
        (Updated 2010. Accessed December 13, 2011)
        • National Cancer Institute
        Risk factor monitoring and methods: Table 8b.
        (Updated 2010. Accessed December 13, 2011)
        • Fox M.K.
        • Pac S.
        • Devaney B.
        • Jankowski L.
        Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: What foods are infants and toddlers eating?.
        J Am Diet Assoc. 2004; 104: S22-S30
        • Rampersaud G.C.
        • Bailey L.B.
        • Kauwell G.P.A.
        National survey beverage consumption data for children and adolescents indicate the need to encourage a shift toward more nutritive beverages.
        J Am Diet Assoc. 2003; 103: 97-100
        • Vos M.B.
        • Kimmons J.E.
        • Gillespie C.
        • Welsh J.
        • Blanck H.M.
        Dietary fructose consumption among US children and adults: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
        Medscape J Med. 2008; 10: 160
        • Bray G.A.
        • Nielsen S.J.
        • Popkin B.M.
        Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity.
        Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79: 537-543
        • Marriott B.P.
        • Cole N.
        • Lee E.
        National estimates of dietary fructose intake increased from 1977 to 2004 in the United States.
        J Nutr. 2009; 139: 1228S-1235S
        • US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service
        Food availability: Documentation.
        (Updated 2011. Accessed December 13, 2011)
        • Wells H.F.
        • Buzby J.C.
        Dietary assessment of major trends in US food consumption, 1970-2005.
        (Accessed April 3, 2011)
        • US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service
        Table 50—US per capital caloric sweeteners estimated deliveries for domestic food and beverage use, by calendar year.
        (Updated 2010. Accessed December 13, 2011)
        • US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service
        Loss-adjusted food availability data: Documentation.
        (Accessed December 13, 2011)
        • US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service
        Table 51—Refined cane and beet sugar: Estimated number per capita calories consumed daily, by calendar year.
        (Updated 2010. Accessed December 13, 2011)
        • US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service
        Table 52—High fructose corn syrup: Estimated number of per capita calories consumed daily, by calendar year.
        (Updated 2010. Accessed December 16, 2011)
        • US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service
        Table 53—Other sweeteners: Estimated number of per capita calories consumed daily, by calendar year.
        (Updated 2010. Accessed December 16, 2011)
        • Wells H.F.
        • Buzby J.C.
        High-fructose corn syrup usage may be leveling off.
        (Accessed March 8, 2012)
        • Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board
        Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids.
        National Academies Press, Washington, DC2002/2005
        • Lichtenstein A.H.
        • Appel L.J.
        • Brands M.
        • et al.
        Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee.
        Circulation. 2006; 114: 82-96
        • Johnson R.K.
        • Appel L.J.
        • Brands M.
        • et al.
        Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health.
        Circulation. 2009; 120: 1011-1020
        • World Health Organization
        Global strategy on diet physical activity and health.
        (Updated 2002. Accessed April 16, 2011)
        • World Health Organization and Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
        Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases.
        World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland2002 (WHO Technical Report Series No. 916)
        • Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Life Sciences Office
        The Evaluation of the Energy of Certain Sugar Alcohols used as Food Ingredients.
        Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Bethesda, MD1994
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Agency response letter GRAS notice no. GRN 000045.
        (Updated 2000. Accessed December 16, 2011)
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Notice of a GRAS exemption for D-tagatose, notice no. GRN 000078.
        (Updated May 11, 2001. Accessed December 16, 2011)
        • Food and Drug Administration
        GRAS exemption claim for D-tagatose as an ingredeint in foods, GRN 352.
        (Updated 2010. Accessed December 16, 2011)
        • Renwick A.G.
        The intake of intense sweeteners—An updated review.
        Food Addit Contam. 2006; 23: 327-338
        • Mattes R.D.
        • Popkin B.M.
        Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: Effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms.
        Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 89: 1-14
        • American Diabetes Association
        Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes.
        Diabetes Care. 2008; 31: S61-S78
        • American Diabetes Association
        Standard of Medical Care in Diabetes—2011.
        Diabetes Care. 2011; 34: S11-S61
        • National Cancer Institute
        National Cancer Institute fact sheet: Artificial sweeteners and cancer.
        (Updated 2009. Accessed November 21, 2011)
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption; acesulfame potassium.
        (Accessed November 23, 2011)
        • Renwick A.G.
        The metabolism of intense sweeteners.
        Xenobiotica. 1986; 16: 1057-1071
        • Magnuson B.A.
        • Burdock G.A.
        • Doull J.
        • et al.
        Aspartame: A safety evaluation based on current use levels, regulations, and toxicological and epidemiological studies.
        Crit Rev Toxicol. 2007; 37: 629-727
        • Mackey S.
        • Berlin C.J.
        Effect of dietary aspartame on plasma concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in normal and homozygous phenylketonuric patients.
        Clin Pediatr. 1992; 31: 394-399
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Agency response letter GRAS notice no. GRN 000301.
        (Updated July 23, 2009. Accessed December 13, 2011)
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption; neotame.
        (Accessed November 16, 2011)
        • Nofri C.
        • Tinti J.M.
        Neotame: Discovery, properties, utility.
        Food Chem. 2000; 69: 245-257
        • International Food Information Council Foundation
        Facts about low-calorie sweeteners.
        (Accessed May 14, 2011)
        • Ulbricht C.
        • Isaac R.
        • Milkin T.
        • et al.
        An evidence-based systematic review of stevia by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration.
        Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem. 2010; 8: 113-127
        • Prakash I.
        • DuBois G.E.
        • Clos J.F.
        • Wilkens K.L.
        • Fosdick L.E.
        Development of rebiana, a natural, non-caloric sweetener.
        Food Chem Toxicol. 2008; 46: S75-S82
        • Goyal S.K.Samsher
        • Goyal R.K.
        Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) a bio-sweetener: A review.
        Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2010; 61: 1-10
        • Grotz V.L.
        • Munro I.C.
        An overview of the safety of sucralose.
        Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009; 55: 1-5
        • Whitehouse C.R.
        • Boullata J.
        • McCauley L.A.
        The potential toxicity of artificial sweeteners.
        AAOHN J. 2008; 56: 251-259
        • Position of the American Dietetic Association
        Nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy.
        J Am Diet Assoc. 2008; 108: 553-561
        • Halldorsson T.I.
        • Strom M.
        • Petersen S.B.
        • Olsen S.F.
        Intake of artificially sweetened soft drinks and risk of preterm delivery: A prospective cohort study in 59,334 Danish pregnant women.
        Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 92: 626-633
        • American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry
        Guideline on infant oral health care.
        (Revised 2011. Accessed December 12, 2011)
        • Selwitz R.H.
        • Ismail A.I.
        • Pitts N.B.
        Dental caries.
        Lancet. 2007; 369: 51-59
        • National Institutes of Health
        Diagnosis and management of dental caries throughout life.
        (Accessed April 30, 2011)
        • American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry
        Guideline on caries-risk assessment and management for infants, children, and adolescents.
        (Revised 2011. Accessed December 12, 2011)
        • American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry
        Policy on early childhood caries (ECC): Classifications, consequences, and preventive strategies.
        (Revised 2011. Accessed December 12, 2011)
        • American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry
        Guideline on adolescent oral health care.
        (Revised 2011. Accessed December 12, 2011)
        • Hayes C.
        The effect of non-cariogenic sweeteners on the prevention of dental caries: A review of the evidence.
        J Dental Educ. 2001; 65: 1106-1109
        • Burt B.A.
        The use of sorbitol- and xylitol-sweetened chewing gum in caries control.
        J Am Dent Assoc. 2006; 137: 190-196
        • Milgrom P.
        • Ly K.A.
        • Rothen M.
        Xylitol and its vehicles for public health needs.
        Adv Dent Res. 2009; 21: 44-47
        • Llop M.R.
        • Jimeno F.G.
        • Acien R.M.
        • Dalmau L.J.B.
        Effects of xylitol chewing gum on salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity and presence of Streptococcus mutans in saliva.
        Eur J Pediatr Dent. 2010; 11: 9-14
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Food labeling: Health claims; sugar alcohols and dental caries.
        (Accessed December 14, 2011)
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Food labeling: Health claims; dietary sugar alcohols and dental caries.
        (Accessed November 23, 2011)
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Food labeling: Health claims; D-tagatose and dental caries.
        (Accessed December 16, 2011)
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Food labeling: Health claims; dietary noncariogenic carbohydrate sweeteners and dental caries. Final rule. 71.
        in: Federal Register. 2006: 15559-15564 (Accessed November 23, 2011)
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Food labeling: Health claims; dietary noncariogenic carbohydrate sweeteners and dental caries. Final rule. 73.
        in: Federal Register. 2008: 30299-30301 (Accessed November 23, 2011)
        • Wolraich M.L.
        • Wilson D.B.
        • White J.W.
        The effect of sugar on behavior or cognition in children.
        JAMA. 1995; 274: 1617-1621
        • Bellisle F.
        Effects of diet on behaviour and cognition in children.
        Br J Nutr. 2004; 92: S227-S232
        • Sinha D.
        • Efron D.
        Complementary and alternative medicine use in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
        J Paediatr Child Health. 2005; 41: 23-26
        • Behar D.
        • Rapoport J.L.
        • Adams A.J.
        • Berg C.J.
        • Cornblath M.
        Sugar challenge testing with children considered behaviorally “sugar reactive”.
        Nutr Behav. 1984; 1: 277-288
        • Goldman J.A.
        • Lerman R.H.
        • Contois J.H.
        • Udall J.N.
        Behavioral effects of sucrose on preschool children.
        J Abnormal Child Psychol. 1986; 14: 565-577
        • Milich R.
        • Pelham W.E.
        Effects of sugar ingestion on the classroom and playgroup behavior of attention-deficit-disordered boys.
        J Consult Clin Psychol. 1986; 54: 714-718
        • Wolraich M.
        • Milich R.
        • Stumbo P.
        • Schultz F.
        Effects of sucrose ingestion on the behavior of hyperactive boys.
        J Pediatr. 1985; 106: 675-682
        • Wolraich M.L.
        • Lindgren S.D.
        • Stumbo P.J.
        • Stegink L.D.
        • Appelbaum M.I.
        • Kiritsy M.C.
        Effects of diets high in sucrose or aspartame on the behavior and cognitive performance of children.
        N Engl J Med. 1994; 330: 301-307
        • Wolraich M.L.
        Diet and behavior: What the research shows.
        Contemp Pediatr. 1996; 13: 29-39
        • Schnoll R.
        • Burshteyn D.
        • Cea-Aravena J.
        Nutrition in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A neglected but important aspect.
        Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2003; 28: 63-75
        • American Academy of Pediatrics
        Clinical practice guidelines: Treatment of the school-aged child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
        Pediatrics. 2001; 108: 1033-1044
        • Ballard W.
        • Hall M.N.
        • Kaufmann L.
        Clinical inquiries.
        J Fam Pract. 2010; 59: 234-235
        • Pliszka S.
        AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues.
        J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007; 46: 894-921
        • Krummel D.A.
        • Seligson F.H.
        • Guthrie H.A.
        Hyperactivity: Is candy causal?.
        Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1996; 36: 31-47
        • Corwin R.L.
        • Grigson P.S.
        Symposium overview—Food addiction: Fact or fiction?.
        J Nutr. 2009; 139: 617-619
        • Avena N.M.
        • Rada P.
        • Hoebel B.G.
        Sugar and fat bingeing have notable differences in addictive-like behavior.
        J Nutr. 2009; 139: 623-628
        • Ifland J.R.
        • Preuss H.G.
        • Marcus M.T.
        • et al.
        Refined food addiction: A classic substance use disorder.
        Med Hypotheses. 2009; 72: 518-526
        • Gearhardt A.N.
        • Corbin W.R.
        • Brownell K.D.
        Food addiction: An examination of the diagnostic criteria for dependence.
        J Addict Med. 2009; 3: 1-7
        • Nelson J.E.
        • Pearson H.W.
        • Sayers M.
        • Glynn T.J.
        Guide to Drug Abuse Research Terminology.
        National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD1982
        • American Psychiatric Association
        Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV.
        (Vol. 4) American Psychiatric Association, Washington,DC1994
        • Avena N.M.
        • Rada P.
        • Hoebel B.G.
        Evidence for sugar addiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake.
        Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008; 32: 20-39
        • Calorie Control Council
        Sorbitol.
        (Updated 2011. Accessed May 1, 2011)
        • Calorie Control Council
        Mannitol.
        (Updated 2011. Accessed May 1, 2011)
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Food additives permitted in food on an interim basis or in contact with food pending additional study; mannitol.
        (Accessed May 1, 2011)
        • Calorie Control Council
        Xylitol.
        (Updated 2011. Accessed May 1, 2011)
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Code of Federal Regulations 21 CFR Ch. 1 (4-1-96 Edition).
        (Updated April 1, 1996. Accessed December 14, 2011)
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Agency notice of a GRAS exemption for erythritol, GRAS notice No. GRN 76.
        (Updated April 30, 2001. Accessed December 14, 2011)
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Agency notice of a GRAS exemption for erythritol, GRAS notice no. GRN 208.
        (Updated July 27, 2006. Accessed December 14, 2011)
        • Calorie Control Council
        Isomalt.
        (Updated 2011. Accessed May 1, 2011)
        • Calorie Control Council
        Lactitol.
        (Updated 2011. Accessed May 1, 2011)
        • Calorie Control Council
        Maltitol.
        (Updated 2011. Accessed May 1, 2011)
        • Food and Drug Administration
        Agency notice of a GRAS exemption for isomaltulose, GRAS notice No. GRN 184.
        (Updated October 31, 2005. Accessed May 4, 2011)
        • Calorie Control Council
        Trehalose.
        (Updated 2011. Accessed May 2, 2011)
        • Calorie Control Council
        Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates.
        (Updated 2011. Accessed May 2, 2011)

      Linked Article

      • Erratum
        Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and DieteticsVol. 112Issue 8
        • Preview
          The “Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Use of Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweeteners” (pp 739-758) that appeared in the May 2012 issue of the Journal contains an error. On page 748, the phrase, “the Delaney Clause was repealed and” should not have appeared in the first full sentence of the third column. The sentence should correctly read, “In 1996, the zero-risk standard changed to one of ‘reasonable certainty of no harm.'” In addition, the following sentence, “In 2000, Congress repealed the requirement for a warning label,” should have cited reference 19.
        • Full-Text
        • PDF