Abstract
Background
Income and race/ethnicity are associated with differences in dietary intakes that
may contribute to health disparities among members of the US population.
Objective
To examine alignment of intakes of food groups and energy from solid fats, added sugars,
and alcohol with the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and MyPyramid, by family
income and race/ethnicity.
Design
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional,
nationally representative survey, for 2001-2004.
Participants/setting
Persons aged ≥2 years for whom reliable dietary intake data were available (n=16,338)
were categorized by income (lowest, middle, and highest) and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic
white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican American).
Statistical analyses performed
The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate the proportions of adults
and children in each income and race/ethnic group whose usual intakes met the recommendations.
Results
Higher income was associated with greater adherence to recommendations for most food
groups; the proportions meeting minimum recommendations among adults in the highest
income group were double that observed for the lowest income group for total vegetables,
milk, and oils. Fewer differences by income were apparent among children. Among the
race/ethnic groups, the proportions meeting recommendations were generally lowest
among non-Hispanic blacks. Marked differences were observed for milk—15% of non-Hispanic
black children met the minimum recommendations compared with 42% of non-Hispanic white
children and 35% of Mexican-American children; a similar pattern was evident for adults.
One in five Mexican-American adults met the dry beans and peas recommendations compared
with approximately 2% of non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks. Most adults
and children consumed excess energy from solid fats and added sugars irrespective
of income and race/ethnicity.
Conclusions
The diets of some subpopulations, particularly individuals in lower-income households
and non-Hispanic blacks, are especially poor in relation to dietary recommendations,
supporting the need for comprehensive strategies to enable healthier dietary intake
patterns.
Keywords
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Biography
S. I. Kirkpatrick is a nutritionist, Risk Factor Monitoring and Methods Branch, Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
Biography
J. Reedy is a nutritionist, Risk Factor Monitoring and Methods Branch, Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
Biography
S. M. Krebs-Smith is branch chief, Risk Factor Monitoring and Methods Branch, Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
Biography
K. W. Dodd is a statistician, Biometry Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
Article info
Publication history
Published online: April 25, 2012
Accepted:
November 22,
2011
Footnotes
STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Identification
Copyright
Published by Elsevier Inc.
