Abstract
Although addictive behavior is generally associated with drug and alcohol abuse or
compulsive sexual activity, chocolate may evoke similar psychopharmacologic and behavioral
reactions in susceptible persons. A review of the literature on chocolate cravings
indicates that the hedonic appeal of chocolate (fat, sugar, texture, and aroma) is
likely to be a predominant factor in such cravings. Other characteristics of chocolate,
however, may be equally as important contributors to the phenomena of chocolate cravings.
Chocolate may be used by some as a form of self-medication for dietary deficiencies
(eg, magnesium) or to balance low levels of neurotransmitters involved in the regulation
of mood, food intake, and compulsive behaviors (eg, serotonin and dopamine). Chocolate
cravings are often episodic and fluctuate with hormonal changes just before and during
the menses, which suggests a hormonal link and confirms the assumed gender-specific
nature of chocolate cravings. Chocolate contains several biologically active constituents
(methylxanthines, biogenic amines, and cannabinoid-like fatty acids), all of which
potentially cause abnormal behaviors and psychological sensations that parallel those
of other addictive substances. Most likely, a combination of chocolate's sensory characteristics,
nutrient composition, and psychoactive ingredients, compounded with monthly hormonal
fluctuations and mood swings among women, will ultimately form the model of chocolate
cravings. Dietetics professionals must be aware that chocolate cravings are real.
The psychopharmacologic and chemosensory effects of chocolate must be considered when
formulating recommendations for overall healthful eating and for treatment of nutritionally
related health issues. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99: 1249–1256.
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© 1999 American Dietetic Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
