Abstract
Background
Although whole-grain intake has been associated with improved chronic disease risk
factors and weight status in adults, similar studies are limited among adolescents.
Objective
To determine the relationship among chronic disease risk factors, weight status, and
whole-grain intake among adolescents (aged 12 to 19 years) by sex.
Design
Analysis of the relationship between dietary, anthropometric, and chronic disease
risk factors/laboratory measures and whole-grain intake groups (none, low [>0 to ≤0.5
oz equivalents/day], high [>0.5 oz equivalents/day]) among US adolescents (based on
cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004).
Participants/setting
Data from 4,928 adolescents (2,495 boys, 2,433 girls) collected in person at home
and mobile examination centers.
Main outcome variables
Adjusted least-squares means for dietary, anthropometric, and chronic disease risk
factors/laboratory measures by whole-grain intake groups.
Statistical analyses performed
Outcome variables were examined in separate multiple linear regression models with
categories of whole-grain intake as the independent variable, adjusted for demographic
characteristics, smoking, physical activity, and food group/energy intake.
Results
Fewer than one third consumed >0.5 whole grain ounce equivalents per day. Higher whole-grain
intake was associated with lower refined-grain and higher carbohydrate, fiber, folate,
and energy intakes. Higher whole-grain intake was associated with lower body mass
index and waist, thigh, and arm circumferences among boys only but not on further
adjustment for food group intake. In models adjusted for food group intake, higher
whole-grain intake was associated with lower fasting insulin levels and higher serum
and red blood cell folate levels for boys and girls, with lower C-peptide concentrations
for girls and lower homocysteine concentrations for boys.
Conclusions
Whole-grain intake was not associated with body mass index after adjusting for food
group intake but was related to positive nutrient profiles and chronic disease risk
factors, which supports current recommendations to promote greater intake of whole
grains among adolescents.
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Biography
I. Y. Hur is a postdoctoral associate, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN.
Biography
M. Reicks is a professor, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN.
Article info
Publication history
Published online: November 04, 2011
Accepted:
July 27,
2011
Footnotes
Meets Learning Need Codes 3000, 3020, 4000, and 4160. To take the Continuing Professional Education quiz for this article, log in to the Academy's Online Business Center at www.eatright.org/obc, click the “Journal Article Quiz” button, click “Additional Journal CPE Articles,” and select this article's title from a list of available quizzes.
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Copyright
© 2012 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.