Abstract
Background
Although whole-grain intake has been associated with improved chronic disease risk
factors and weight status in adults, similar studies are limited among adolescents.
Objective
To determine the relationship among chronic disease risk factors, weight status, and
whole-grain intake among adolescents (aged 12 to 19 years) by sex.
Design
Analysis of the relationship between dietary, anthropometric, and chronic disease
risk factors/laboratory measures and whole-grain intake groups (none, low [>0 to ≤0.5
oz equivalents/day], high [>0.5 oz equivalents/day]) among US adolescents (based on
cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004).
Participants/setting
Data from 4,928 adolescents (2,495 boys, 2,433 girls) collected in person at home
and mobile examination centers.
Main outcome variables
Adjusted least-squares means for dietary, anthropometric, and chronic disease risk
factors/laboratory measures by whole-grain intake groups.
Statistical analyses performed
Outcome variables were examined in separate multiple linear regression models with
categories of whole-grain intake as the independent variable, adjusted for demographic
characteristics, smoking, physical activity, and food group/energy intake.
Results
Fewer than one third consumed >0.5 whole grain ounce equivalents per day. Higher whole-grain
intake was associated with lower refined-grain and higher carbohydrate, fiber, folate,
and energy intakes. Higher whole-grain intake was associated with lower body mass
index and waist, thigh, and arm circumferences among boys only but not on further
adjustment for food group intake. In models adjusted for food group intake, higher
whole-grain intake was associated with lower fasting insulin levels and higher serum
and red blood cell folate levels for boys and girls, with lower C-peptide concentrations
for girls and lower homocysteine concentrations for boys.
Conclusions
Whole-grain intake was not associated with body mass index after adjusting for food
group intake but was related to positive nutrient profiles and chronic disease risk
factors, which supports current recommendations to promote greater intake of whole
grains among adolescents.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and DieteticsAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Food group intake and central obesity among children and adolescents in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).Public Health Nutr. 2010; 13: 797-805
- Longitudinal and secular trends in adolescent whole-grain consumption, 1999-2004.Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 91: 154-159
- Relationship between whole grain and fiber consumption and body weight measures among 6- to 18-year-olds.J Pediatr. 2010; 157: 578-583
- Whole grain in children's diet: Intake, food sources and trends.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010; 64: 745-751
- Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010.7th ed. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC2010
- Sources of food group intake among the US population, 2001-2002.J Am Diet Assoc. 2008; 108: 804-814
- School meals: Types of foods offered to and consumed by children at lunch and breakfast.J Am Diet Assoc. 2009; 109: S67-S78
- Whole-grain and fiber intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes.Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77: 622-629
- A prospective study of whole-grain intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in US women.Am J Public Health. 2000; 90: 1409-1415
- Intakes of whole grains, bran, and germ and the risk of coronary heart disease in men.Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80: 1492-1499
- Associations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with risks of all-cause mortality and incident coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 78: 383-390
- Whole-grain consumption and the metabolic syndrome: A favorable association in Tehranian adults.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005; 59: 353-362
- Plausible mechanisms for the protectiveness of whole grains.Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70: 459S-463S
- Why whole grains are protective: Biological mechanisms.Proc Nutr Soc. 2003; 62: 129-134
- Whole-grain intake is favorably associated with metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study.Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76: 390-398
- Serum homocysteine is related to food intake in adolescents: The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health.Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83: 1380-1386
- Whole-grain intake and insulin sensitivity: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 78: 965-971
- Whole grains, bran, and germ in relation to homocysteine and markers of glycemic control, lipids, and inflammation.Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83: 275-283
- Whole-grain foods do not affect insulin sensitivity or markers of lipid peroxidation and inflammation in healthy, moderately overweight subjects.J Nutr. 2007; 137: 1401-1407
- Whole grain intake is associated with lower body mass and greater insulin sensitivity among adolescents.Am J Epidemiol. 2003; 158: 243-250
- Added soluble fiber enhances the satiating power of low-energy-density liquid yogurts.J Am Diet Assoc. 2009; 109: 1862-1868
- Dietary fiber and body-weight regulation.Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001; 48: 969-980
- Consumption of whole grains is associated with improved diet quality and nutrient intake in children and adolescents: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004.Public Health Nutr. 2011; 14: 347-355
- Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2007-2008.JAMA. 2010; 303: 242-249
- Independent effects of age-related changes in waist circumference and BMI z scores in predicting cardiovascular disease risk factors in a prospective cohort of adolescent females.Am J Clin Nutr. 2011; 93: 392-401
- Relation of circumferences and skinfold thicknesses to lipid and insulin concentrations in children and adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study.Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69: 308-317
- Prevalence of abnormal lipid levels among youths—United States, 1999-2006.MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010; 59: 29-33
- Association of lipid abnormalities with measures and severity of adiposity and insulin resistance among overweight children and adolescents.J Clin Hypertens. 2009; 11: 594-600
- Prevalence and determinants of insulin resistance among U.S. adolescents: A population-based study.Diabetes Care. 2006; 29: 2427-2432
- Survey orientation.(Accessed March 9, 2010)
- Nutrition assessment in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002.J Am Diet Assoc. 2007; 107: 822-829
- NHANES 1999-2000 addendum to the NHANES III analytic guidelines (last update August 30, 2002).(Accessed February 4, 2011)
- Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids.National Academies Press, Washington, DC2005
- MyPyramid equivalents database for USDA survey food codes, 1994-2002 version 1.0. US Department of Agriculture Web site.(Accessed February 26, 2008)
- MyPyramid equivalents database, 2.0 for USDA Survey Foods, 2003-2004.(Accessed February 26, 2008)
- Increasing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among US adults: 1988-1994 to 1999-2004.Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 89: 372-381
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site.(Accessed March 9, 2010)
- A SAS program for the CDC growth charts.(Accessed February 8, 2011)
- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey laboratory methodology and public data files.(Accessed September 21, 2011)
- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey laboratory methodology and public data files.(Accessed April 7, 2010)
- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey laboratory methodology and public data files.(Accessed April 7, 2010)
- Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge.Clin Chem. 1972; 18: 499-502
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.(Accessed August 25, 2011)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.(Accessed August 25, 2011)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.(Accessed August 25, 2011)
- Dietary habits, physical activity and prevalence of overweight/obesity among adolescents in Greece: The Vyronas study.Med Sci Monit. 2007; 13: CR437-CR444
- Eating habits in relation to body fatness and gender in adolescents—Results from the ‘SWEDES’ study.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007; 61: 517-525
- Food patterns measured by factor analysis and anthropometric changes in adults.Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80: 504-513
- Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Am J Public Health. 2007; 97: 667-675
- The role of dairy foods and dietary calcium in weight management.J Am Coll Nutr. 2009; : 120S-129S
- Whole-grain ready-to-eat oat cereal, as part of a dietary program for weight loss, reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults with overweight and obesity more than a dietary program including low-fiber control foods.J Am Diet Assoc. 2010; 110: 205-214
- Soluble fiber intake at a dose approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for a claim of health benefits: Serum lipid risk factors for cardiovascular disease assessed in a randomized controlled crossover trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 75: 834-839
- A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease.JAMA. 1995; 274: 1049-1057
- Gender in childhood obesity: Family environment, hormones, and genes.Gend Med. 2009; 6: 76-85
- Sex hormones and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents.Metabolism. 2009; 58: 1256-1262
- Self-reported dietary energy intake of normal weight, overweight and obese adolescents.Public Health Nutr. 2009; 12: 222-227
Biography
I. Y. Hur is a postdoctoral associate, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN.
Biography
M. Reicks is a professor, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN.
Article info
Publication history
Published online: November 04, 2011
Accepted:
July 27,
2011
Footnotes
Meets Learning Need Codes 3000, 3020, 4000, and 4160. To take the Continuing Professional Education quiz for this article, log in to the Academy's Online Business Center at www.eatright.org/obc, click the “Journal Article Quiz” button, click “Additional Journal CPE Articles,” and select this article's title from a list of available quizzes.
Identification
Copyright
© 2012 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
