Abstract
It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that appropriately planned
vegetarian diets, including total vegetarian or vegan diets, are healthful, nutritionally
adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain
diseases. Well-planned vegetarian diets are appropriate for individuals during all
stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and
adolescence, and for athletes. A vegetarian diet is defined as one that does not include
meat (including fowl) or seafood, or products containing those foods. This article
reviews the current data related to key nutrients for vegetarians including protein,
n-3 fatty acids, iron, zinc, iodine, calcium, and vitamins D and B-12. A vegetarian
diet can meet current recommendations for all of these nutrients. In some cases, supplements
or fortified foods can provide useful amounts of important nutrients. An evidence-based
review showed that vegetarian diets can be nutritionally adequate in pregnancy and
result in positive maternal and infant health outcomes. The results of an evidence-based
review showed that a vegetarian diet is associated with a lower risk of death from
ischemic heart disease. Vegetarians also appear to have lower low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol levels, lower blood pressure, and lower rates of hypertension and type
2 diabetes than nonvegetarians. Furthermore, vegetarians tend to have a lower body
mass index and lower overall cancer rates. Features of a vegetarian diet that may
reduce risk of chronic disease include lower intakes of saturated fat and cholesterol
and higher intakes of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, soy products, fiber,
and phytochemicals. The variability of dietary practices among vegetarians makes individual
assessment of dietary adequacy essential. In addition to assessing dietary adequacy,
food and nutrition professionals can also play key roles in educating vegetarians
about sources of specific nutrients, food purchase and preparation, and dietary modifications
to meet their needs.
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