Abstract
Objective
Overweight and obesity have been attributed to increased eating frequency and the
size of eating events. This study explored the influence of the timing of eating events
and food form on appetite and daily energy intake.
Design
Crossover, clinical intervention where participants consumed 300-kcal loads of a solid
(apple), semisolid (apple sauce), and beverage (apple juice) at a meal or 2 hours
later (snack).
Subjects
Twenty normal-weight (body mass index 22.6±1.8) and 20 obese (body mass index 32.3±1.5)
adults. There were 10 men and 10 women within each body mass index group.
Measurements
On six occasions, participants reported to the laboratory at their customary midday
mealtime. Appetite questionnaires and motor skills tests were completed upon arrival
and at 30-minute intervals for the 2 hours participants were in the laboratory and
at 30-minute intervals for 4 hours after leaving the laboratory. Diet recalls were
collected the next day. Data were collected between January 2006 and March 2007.
Results
Whether consumed with a meal or alone as a snack, the beverage elicited the weakest
appetitive response, the solid food form elicited the strongest appetitive response
and the semisolid response was intermediate. The appetite shift was greatest for the
solid food when consumed as a snack. The interval between test food consumption and
the first spontaneous eating event >100 kcal was shortest for the beverage. No significant
treatment effects were observed for test day energy intake or between lean individuals
and individuals with obesity.
Conclusions
Based on the appetitive findings, consumption of an energy-yielding beverage either
with a meal or as a snack poses a greater risk for promoting positive energy than
macronutrient-matched semisolid or solid foods consumed at these times.
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Biography
R. D. Mattes and W. W. Campbell are professors, Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Article info
Publication history
Accepted:
September 25,
2008
Identification
Copyright
© 2009 American Dietetic Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
