Abstract
Objective
To test the hypothesis that breakfast consumption is associated with weight status
measured by body mass index in US adults.
Design
Analyses of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2000.
Participants/Setting
Men and women aged ≥19 years (N=4,218), excluding pregnant and/or lactating women.
Statistical Analyses Performed
SAS (release 8.1, 2000, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC) and SUDAAN (release 8.0.2, 2003,
Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC) software were used to calculate
sample-weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages of breakfast consumers.
Multiple logistic and linear regression models, with controls for covariates, were
used to determine the predictability of body mass index from breakfast consumption
and from inclusion of ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) in the breakfast meal.
Results
Breakfast consumers were more likely than breakfast nonconsumers to be older, female,
white, nonsmokers, regular exercisers, and trying to control their weight. For women,
daily energy intake was higher among breakfast consumers than among breakfast nonconsumers;
for both men and women, energy intake from fat among RTEC breakfast consumers was
significantly lower than among non-RTEC breakfast consumers, whereas energy from carbohydrate
among RTEC breakfast consumers was significantly higher than among non-RTEC breakfast
consumers. For women, the odds ratios for BMI ≥25 were lower for breakfast consumers
(odds ratio=0.76) and RTEC breakfast consumers (odds ratio=0.70) compared with breakfast
nonconsumers and non-RTEC breakfast consumers, respectively, after adjusting the models
for covariates. When RTEC consumption was added as a covariate, breakfast consumers
no longer exhibited significantly lower odds ratios compared with breakfast nonconsumers.
Furthermore, regression analyses supported an inverse association between RTEC breakfast
consumption and body mass index in women (regression coefficient=–0.37, P<.01) after adjusting for covariates.
Conclusions
When we document the association of breakfast consumption with lower prevalence of
overweight and obesity, types of meal should be considered as an important determinant.
RTEC breakfast consumption, associated with a desirable macronutrient profile for
preventing obesity, predicted weight status in women, but not in men. In addition
to sex difference in the association of breakfast consumption and RTEC breakfast consumption
with lower prevalence of overweight, the effects of physiological variables and health-related
behaviors on the relationship between total and RTEC intake at breakfast and weight
status, remain to be established.
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Biography
W. O. Song is a professor and acting dean, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing
Biography
O. K. Chun is a research associate, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing
Biography
S. Obayashi is a doctoral candidate, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing
Biography
C. E. Chung is a visiting professor, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing
Biography
S. Cho is a nutrition business partner and director of nutrition, WK Kellogg Institution, Battle Creek, MI
Article info
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© 2005 American Dietetic Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
