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Research Research Editorial| Volume 105, ISSUE 5, P703-708, May 2005

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Methodological Issues in Assessing Dietary Supplement Use in Children

      Dietary supplements, previously publicly available in the United States mainly in pharmacies, are now ubiquitous in the marketplace, found in large discount stores, supermarkets, specialty stores, and on the Internet. The passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (
      Commission on Dietary Supplement Labels
      ), which put the burden of proof on the United States government regarding potential health risks associated with a supplement or single ingredient, helped to open the dietary supplement market. Supplements are promoted by substantial mass media marketing, but are also brought to public attention via scientific studies, personal testimonials, results of testing for prohibited substances in athletes, and, occasionally, government regulatory agency statements or actions regarding illegal ingredients, ingredient misidentification, and harmful or helpful effects of nutrients or non-nutrient supplement ingredients. In this issue of the Journal, Gilmore and colleagues report vitamin and mineral dietary supplement use and total nutrient intake for infants from birth to 24 months of age who participated in the Iowa Fluoride Study (
      • Gilmore J.M.E.
      • Hong L.
      • Broffitt B.
      • Levy S.M.
      Longitudinal patterns of vitamin and mineral supplement use in young white children.
      ).
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      References

        • Commission on Dietary Supplement Labels
        (November)Report of the Commission on Dietary Supplement Labels. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Washington, DC1997 (Available at: http://web.health.gov/dietsupp/final.pdf. Accessed April 18, 2005.)
        • Gilmore J.M.E.
        • Hong L.
        • Broffitt B.
        • Levy S.M.
        Longitudinal patterns of vitamin and mineral supplement use in young white children.
        J Am Diet Assoc. 2005; 105: 763-772
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        Secular trends in dietary intake in the United States.
        Annu Rev Nutr. 2004; 24: 401-431
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        Use of dietary supplements in the United States 1988–94. National Center for Health Statistics.
        Vital Health Stat. 1999; 11: 1-14
        • US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
        Results from the 1994–96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. 1998 (Available at: http://www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey/pdf/Supp.pdf. Accessed January 17, 2005.)
      1. National Academy Press. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309069351/html/1.html#pagetop. Accessed January 17, 2005.

        • Radimer K.L.
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        Validity of methods used to assess vitamin and mineral supplement use.
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      2. 28th National Nutrient Databank Conference. June 23-26, 2004. University of Iowa, Iowa City. Presentation: Dietary supplement use in the US: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and dietary supplement database: Kathy Radimer, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Hyattsville, MD. Available at: http://www.medicine.uiowa.edu/gcrc/nndc/Conference%20PowerPoint%20Slides.html. Accessed January 17, 2005.

      3. Appendix 3 of the NHANES 1999–2000 dietary supplement data release notes. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/frequency/dsqdoc.pdf. Accessed January 17, 2005.

      4. National Academy Press. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Available at: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309065542/html/index.html. Accessed January 17, 2005.

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        Editorial.
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      5. ConsumerLab.com. Laboratory test results. Available at: http://www.consumerlab.com/results/index.asp. Accessed January 17, 2005.

      6. Office of Dietary Supplements update. Available at: http://ods.od.nih.gov/News/ODS_Update_-_October_2003.aspx. Accessed February 2, 2005.

      7. US Department of Agriculture. Food and nutrient database for dietary studies. Available at: http://www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey/fndds_intro.html. Accessed February 2, 2005.

      Biography

      K. L. Radimer is a nutritional epidemiologist, Division of Health Examination and Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD.