Dietary Reference Intakes for The Antioxidant Nutrients: Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids

ELAINE R MONSEN

doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00189-9

Research Article| Volume 100, ISSUE 6, P637-640, June 2000

Download started.

Ok

Dietary Reference Intakes for The Antioxidant Nutrients

Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids

ELAINE R MONSEN, PhD, RD
ELAINE R MONSEN
Search for articles by this author

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00189-9

The anticipated report by the Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds (Figure) was released mid-April of this year with publication delivery in May. The report adds Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and Upper Tolerable Intake Levels (UL) for vitamins C and E and selenium to the nutrients for which DRI and UL values have been previously set. Currently, the list of 17 DRI nutrients (Table 1) includes 3 macrominerals (calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium), 2 microminerals (fluoride and selenium), 10 water-soluble vitamins (9 B vitamins and vitamin C), and 2 fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins D and E). There are 6 other nutrients for which the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) will continue to stand (Table 2) until revised—namely protein, 2 fat-soluble vitamins (A and K), and 3 microminerals (iron, zinc, and iodine).

Figure thumbnail gr1 — Figure

View Large Image

Figure Viewer

Download Hi-res image

Table 1Dietary Reference Intakes: recommended intakes for individuals

Life stage group	Calcium (mg/d)	Phosphorus (mg/d)	Magnesium (mg/d)	Vitamin D (μg/d) ^a As cholecalciferol. 1 μg cholecalciferol=40 IU vitamin D. ^b ln the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.	Fluoride (mg/d)	Thiamin (mg/d)	Riboflavin (mg/d)	Niacin (mg/d) ^c As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin=60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months=preformed niacin (not NE).	Vitamin B₆(mg/d)	Folate (μg/d) ^d As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE=1 μg food folate=0.6 μg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food=0.5 μg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.	Vitamin B₁₂(μg/d)	Pantothenic Acid (mg/d)	Biotin (μg/d)	Choline ^e Although Als have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages. (mg/d)	Vitamin C (mg/d)	Vitamin E ^f As α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements. (mg/d)	Selenium (μg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo	210^* ¹ This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life-stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.	100^*	30^*	5^*	0.01^*	0.2^*	0.3^*	2^*	0.1^*	65^*	0.4^*	1.7^*	5^*	125^*	40^*	4^*	15^*
7–12 mo	270^*	275^*	75^*	5^*	0.5^*	0.3^*	0.4^*	4^*	0.3^*	80^*	0.5^*	1.8^*	6^*	150^*	50^*	6^*	20^*
Children
1–3 y	500^*	460	80	5^*	0.7^*	0.5	0.5	6	0.5	150	0.9	2^*	8^*	200^*	15	6	20
4–8 y	800^*	500	130	5^*	1^*	0.6	0.6	8	0.6	200	1.2	3^*	12^*	250^*	25	7	30
Males
9–13 y	1,300^*	1,250	240	5^*	2^*	0.9	0.9	12	1.0	300	1.8	4^*	20^*	375^*	45	11	40
14–18 y	1,300^*	1,250	410	5^*	3^*	1.2	1.3	16	1.3	400	2.4	5^*	25^*	550^*	75	15	55
19–30 y	1,000^*	700	400	5^*	4^*	1.2	1.3	16	1.3	400	2.4	5^*	30^*	550^*	90	15	55
31–50 y	1,000^*	700	420	5^*	4^*	1.2	1.3	16	1.3	400	2.4	5^*	30^*	550^*	90	15	55
51–70 y	1,200^*	700	420	10^*	4^*	1.2	1.3	16	1.7	400	2.4 ^g Because 10 to 30% of older people may malabsorb food-bound Vitamin B-12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with Vitamin B-12 or a supplement containing Vitamin B-12.	5^*	30^*	550^*	90	15	55
>70 y	1,200^*	700	420	15^*	4^*	1.2	1.3	16	1.7	400	2.4 ^g Because 10 to 30% of older people may malabsorb food-bound Vitamin B-12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with Vitamin B-12 or a supplement containing Vitamin B-12.	5^*	30^*	550^*	90	15	55
Females
9–13 y	1,300^*	1,250	240	5^*	2^*	0.9	0.9	12	1.0	300	1.8	4^*	20^*	375^*	45	11	40
14–18 y	1,300^*	1,250	360	5^*	3^*	1.0	1.0	14	1.2	400 ^h In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural-tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 μg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.	2.4	5^*	25^*	400^*	65	15	55
19–30 y	1,000^*	700	310	5^*	3^*	1.1	1.1	14	1.3	400 ^h In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural-tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 μg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.	2.4	5^*	30^*	425^*	75	15	55
31–50 y	1,000^*	700	320	5^*	3^*	1.1	1.1	14	1.3	400 ^h In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural-tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 μg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.	2.4	5^*	30^*	425^*	75	15	55
51–70 y	1,200^*	700	320	10^*	3^*	1.1	1.1	14	1.5	400	2.4 ^g Because 10 to 30% of older people may malabsorb food-bound Vitamin B-12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with Vitamin B-12 or a supplement containing Vitamin B-12.	5^*	30^*	425^*	75	15	55
>70 y	1,200^*	700	320	15^*	3^*	1.1	1.1	14	1.5	400	2.4 ^g Because 10 to 30% of older people may malabsorb food-bound Vitamin B-12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with Vitamin B-12 or a supplement containing Vitamin B-12.	5^*	30^*	425^*	75	15	55
Pregnancy
≤18 y	1,300^*	1,250	400	5^*	3^*	1.4	1.4	18	1.9	600 ⁱ It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 μg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.	2.6	6^*	30^*	450^*	80	15	60
19–30 y	1,000^*	700	350	5^*	3^*	1.4	1.4	18	1.9	600 ⁱ It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 μg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.	2.6	6^*	30^*	450^*	85	15	60
31–50 y	1,000^*	700	360	5^*	3^*	1.4	1.4	18	1.9	600 ⁱ It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 μg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.	2.6	6^*	30^*	450^*	85	15	60
Lactation
≤18 y	1,300^*	1,250	360	5^*	3^*	1.4	1.6	17	2.0	500	2.8	7^*	35^*	550^*	115	19	70
19–30 y	1,000^*	700	310	5^*	3^*	1.4	1.6	17	2.0	500	2.8	7^*	35^*	550^*	120	19	70
31–50 y	1,000^*	700	320	5^*	3^*	1.4	1.6	17	2.0	500	2.8	7^*	35^*	550^*	120	19	70

a As cholecalciferol. 1 μg cholecalciferol=40 IU vitamin D.

b ln the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.

c As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin=60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months=preformed niacin (not NE).

d As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE=1 μg food folate=0.6 μg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food=0.5 μg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.

e Although Als have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.

f As α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.

g Because 10 to 30% of older people may malabsorb food-bound Vitamin B-12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with Vitamin B-12 or a supplement containing Vitamin B-12.

h In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural-tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 μg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.

i It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 μg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.

1 This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (^*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life-stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.

Open table in a new tab

Table 2Recommended dietary allowances

^a

The allowances, expressed as average daily intakes over time, are intended to provide for individual variations among most normal persons as they live in the United States under usual environmental stresses. Diets should be based on a variety of common foods in order to provide other nutrients for which human requirements have been less well defined.

revised 1989 (abridged) designed for the maintenance of good nutrition of practically all healthy people in the United States

¹

This table does not include nutrients for which Dietary Reference Intakes have recently been established (see Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride [1997], Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline [1998], and Dietary Reference ntakes for Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Selenium, and Carotenoids [2000]).

Category	Age (years) or condition	Weight ^b Weights and heights of Reference Adults are actual medians for the US population of the designated age, as reported by NHANES II. The median weights and heights of those under 19 years of age were taken from Hamill et al (1979). The use of these figures does not imply that the height-to-weight ratios are ideal.		Height ^b Weights and heights of Reference Adults are actual medians for the US population of the designated age, as reported by NHANES II. The median weights and heights of those under 19 years of age were taken from Hamill et al (1979). The use of these figures does not imply that the height-to-weight ratios are ideal.		Protein	Vitamin A	Vitamin K	Iron	Zinc	Iodine
		(kg)	(Ib)	(cm)	(in)	(g)	(μg RE) ^c Retinol equivalents 1 retinol equivalent=1μg retinol or 6μg β-carotene.	(μg)	(mg)	(mg)	(μg)
Infants	0.0-0.5	6	13	60	24	13	375	5	6	5	40
	0.5-1.0	9	20	71	28	14	375	10	10	5	50
Children	1-3	13	29	90	35	16	400	15	10	10	70
	4-6	20	44	112	44	24	500	20	10	10	90
	7-10	28	62	132	52	28	700	30	10	10	120
Males	11-14	45	99	157	62	45	1,000	45	12	15	150
	15-18	66	145	176	69	59	1,000	65	12	15	150
	19-24	72	160	177	70	58	1,000	70	10	15	150
	25-50	79	174	176	70	63	1,000	80	10	15	150
	51+	77	170	173	68	63	1,000	80	10	15	150
Females	11-14	46	101	157	62	46	800	45	15	12	150
	15-18	55	120	163	64	44	800	55	15	12	150
	19-24	58	128	164	65	46	800	60	15	12	150
	25-50	63	138	163	64	50	800	65	15	12	150
	51+	65	143	160	63	50	800	65	10	12	150
Pregnant						' 60	800	65	30	15	175
Lactating	1st 6 months					65	1,300	65	15	19	200
	2nd 6 months					62	1,200	65	15	16	200

a The allowances, expressed as average daily intakes over time, are intended to provide for individual variations among most normal persons as they live in the United States under usual environmental stresses. Diets should be based on a variety of common foods in order to provide other nutrients for which human requirements have been less well defined.

b Weights and heights of Reference Adults are actual medians for the US population of the designated age, as reported by NHANES II. The median weights and heights of those under 19 years of age were taken from Hamill et al (1979). The use of these figures does not imply that the height-to-weight ratios are ideal.

c Retinol equivalents 1 retinol equivalent=1μg retinol or 6μg β-carotene.

1 This table does not include nutrients for which Dietary Reference Intakes have recently been established (see Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride [1997], Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline [1998], and Dietary Reference ntakes for Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Selenium, and Carotenoids [2000]).

Open table in a new tab

To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

Purchase one-time access:

One-time access price info

For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

Subscribe:

Already a print subscriber? Claim online access

Already an online subscriber? Sign in

Register: Create an account

Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

Article info

Identification

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00189-9

Copyright

ScienceDirect

Access this article on ScienceDirect

Linked Article

Errata
Journal of the American Dietetic AssociationVol. 100Issue 9

Property	Value
Status
Version
Ad File
Disable Ads Flag
Environment
Moat Init
Moat Ready
Contextual Ready
Contextual URL
Contextual Initial Segments
Contextual Used Segments
AdUnit
SubAdUnit
Custom Targeting
Ad Events
Invalid Ad Sizes