The anticipated report by the Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds
(Figure) was released mid-April of this year with publication delivery in May. The report
adds Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and Upper Tolerable Intake Levels (UL) for vitamins
C and E and selenium to the nutrients for which DRI and UL values have been previously
set. Currently, the list of 17 DRI nutrients (Table 1) includes 3 macrominerals (calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium), 2 microminerals (fluoride
and selenium), 10 water-soluble vitamins (9 B vitamins and vitamin C), and 2 fat-soluble
vitamins (vitamins D and E). There are 6 other nutrients for which the 1989 Recommended
Dietary Allowances (RDA) will continue to stand (Table 2) until revised—namely protein, 2 fat-soluble vitamins (A and K), and 3 microminerals
(iron, zinc, and iodine).
Table 1Dietary Reference Intakes: recommended intakes for individuals
Life stage group | Calcium (mg/d) | Phosphorus (mg/d) | Magnesium (mg/d) | Vitamin D (μg/d) | Fluoride (mg/d) | Thiamin (mg/d) | Riboflavin (mg/d) | Niacin (mg/d) | Vitamin B6(mg/d) | Folate (μg/d) | Vitamin B12(μg/d) | Pantothenic Acid (mg/d) | Biotin (μg/d) | Choline(mg/d) | Vitamin C (mg/d) | Vitamin E f (mg/d)As α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol
that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-,
RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It
does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and
SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
|
Selenium (μg/d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infants | |||||||||||||||||
0–6 mo | 210* 1
This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate
Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both
be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all
(97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is
the mean intake. The AI for other life-stage and gender groups is believed to cover
needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data
prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered
by this intake.
|
100* | 30* | 5* | 0.01* | 0.2* | 0.3* | 2* | 0.1* | 65* | 0.4* | 1.7* | 5* | 125* | 40* | 4* | 15* |
7–12 mo | 270* | 275* | 75* | 5* | 0.5* | 0.3* | 0.4* | 4* | 0.3* | 80* | 0.5* | 1.8* | 6* | 150* | 50* | 6* | 20* |
Children | |||||||||||||||||
1–3 y | 500* | 460 | 80 | 5* | 0.7* | 0.5 | 0.5 | 6 | 0.5 | 150 | 0.9 | 2* | 8* | 200* | 15 | 6 | 20 |
4–8 y | 800* | 500 | 130 | 5* | 1* | 0.6 | 0.6 | 8 | 0.6 | 200 | 1.2 | 3* | 12* | 250* | 25 | 7 | 30 |
Males | |||||||||||||||||
9–13 y | 1,300* | 1,250 | 240 | 5* | 2* | 0.9 | 0.9 | 12 | 1.0 | 300 | 1.8 | 4* | 20* | 375* | 45 | 11 | 40 |
14–18 y | 1,300* | 1,250 | 410 | 5* | 3* | 1.2 | 1.3 | 16 | 1.3 | 400 | 2.4 | 5* | 25* | 550* | 75 | 15 | 55 |
19–30 y | 1,000* | 700 | 400 | 5* | 4* | 1.2 | 1.3 | 16 | 1.3 | 400 | 2.4 | 5* | 30* | 550* | 90 | 15 | 55 |
31–50 y | 1,000* | 700 | 420 | 5* | 4* | 1.2 | 1.3 | 16 | 1.3 | 400 | 2.4 | 5* | 30* | 550* | 90 | 15 | 55 |
51–70 y | 1,200* | 700 | 420 | 10* | 4* | 1.2 | 1.3 | 16 | 1.7 | 400 | 2.4 | 5* | 30* | 550* | 90 | 15 | 55 |
>70 y | 1,200* | 700 | 420 | 15* | 4* | 1.2 | 1.3 | 16 | 1.7 | 400 | 2.4 | 5* | 30* | 550* | 90 | 15 | 55 |
Females | |||||||||||||||||
9–13 y | 1,300* | 1,250 | 240 | 5* | 2* | 0.9 | 0.9 | 12 | 1.0 | 300 | 1.8 | 4* | 20* | 375* | 45 | 11 | 40 |
14–18 y | 1,300* | 1,250 | 360 | 5* | 3* | 1.0 | 1.0 | 14 | 1.2 | 400 | 2.4 | 5* | 25* | 400* | 65 | 15 | 55 |
19–30 y | 1,000* | 700 | 310 | 5* | 3* | 1.1 | 1.1 | 14 | 1.3 | 400 | 2.4 | 5* | 30* | 425* | 75 | 15 | 55 |
31–50 y | 1,000* | 700 | 320 | 5* | 3* | 1.1 | 1.1 | 14 | 1.3 | 400 | 2.4 | 5* | 30* | 425* | 75 | 15 | 55 |
51–70 y | 1,200* | 700 | 320 | 10* | 3* | 1.1 | 1.1 | 14 | 1.5 | 400 | 2.4 | 5* | 30* | 425* | 75 | 15 | 55 |
>70 y | 1,200* | 700 | 320 | 15* | 3* | 1.1 | 1.1 | 14 | 1.5 | 400 | 2.4 | 5* | 30* | 425* | 75 | 15 | 55 |
Pregnancy | |||||||||||||||||
≤18 y | 1,300* | 1,250 | 400 | 5* | 3* | 1.4 | 1.4 | 18 | 1.9 | 600 | 2.6 | 6* | 30* | 450* | 80 | 15 | 60 |
19–30 y | 1,000* | 700 | 350 | 5* | 3* | 1.4 | 1.4 | 18 | 1.9 | 600 | 2.6 | 6* | 30* | 450* | 85 | 15 | 60 |
31–50 y | 1,000* | 700 | 360 | 5* | 3* | 1.4 | 1.4 | 18 | 1.9 | 600 | 2.6 | 6* | 30* | 450* | 85 | 15 | 60 |
Lactation | |||||||||||||||||
≤18 y | 1,300* | 1,250 | 360 | 5* | 3* | 1.4 | 1.6 | 17 | 2.0 | 500 | 2.8 | 7* | 35* | 550* | 115 | 19 | 70 |
19–30 y | 1,000* | 700 | 310 | 5* | 3* | 1.4 | 1.6 | 17 | 2.0 | 500 | 2.8 | 7* | 35* | 550* | 120 | 19 | 70 |
31–50 y | 1,000* | 700 | 320 | 5* | 3* | 1.4 | 1.6 | 17 | 2.0 | 500 | 2.8 | 7* | 35* | 550* | 120 | 19 | 70 |
Copyright 2000 by the National Academy of Sciences. Reprinted courtesy of the National
Academy Press, Washington, DC.
a As cholecalciferol. 1 μg cholecalciferol=40 IU vitamin D.
b ln the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.
c As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin=60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months=preformed
niacin (not NE).
d As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE=1 μg food folate=0.6 μg of folic acid from
fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food=0.5 μg of a supplement taken
on an empty stomach.
e Although Als have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary
supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the
choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
f As α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the
2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include
the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
g Because 10 to 30% of older people may malabsorb food-bound Vitamin B-12, it is advisable
for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified
with Vitamin B-12 or a supplement containing Vitamin B-12.
h In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural-tube defects in the fetus, it
is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 μg from supplements
or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.
i It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 μg from supplements or fortified
food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily
occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation
of the neural tube.
1 This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate
Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet
the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed
infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life-stage and gender groups
is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty
in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals
covered by this intake.
Table 2Recommended dietary allowances
a
revised 1989 (abridged) designed for the maintenance of good nutrition of practically
all healthy people in the United States
The allowances, expressed as average daily intakes over time, are intended to provide
for individual variations among most normal persons as they live in the United States
under usual environmental stresses. Diets should be based on a variety of common foods
in order to provide other nutrients for which human requirements have been less well
defined.
1
This table does not include nutrients for which Dietary Reference Intakes have recently
been established (see Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium,
Vitamin D, and Fluoride [1997], Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin,
Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline [1998],
and Dietary Reference ntakes for Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Selenium, and Carotenoids [2000]).
Category | Age (years) or condition | Weight b
Weights and heights of Reference Adults are actual medians for the US population of
the designated age, as reported by NHANES II. The median weights and heights of those
under 19 years of age were taken from Hamill et al (1979). The use of these figures
does not imply that the height-to-weight ratios are ideal.
|
Height b
Weights and heights of Reference Adults are actual medians for the US population of
the designated age, as reported by NHANES II. The median weights and heights of those
under 19 years of age were taken from Hamill et al (1979). The use of these figures
does not imply that the height-to-weight ratios are ideal.
|
Protein | Vitamin A | Vitamin K | Iron | Zinc | Iodine | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(kg) | (Ib) | (cm) | (in) | (g) | (μg RE) | (μg) | (mg) | (mg) | (μg) | ||
Infants | 0.0-0.5 | 6 | 13 | 60 | 24 | 13 | 375 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 40 |
0.5-1.0 | 9 | 20 | 71 | 28 | 14 | 375 | 10 | 10 | 5 | 50 | |
Children | 1-3 | 13 | 29 | 90 | 35 | 16 | 400 | 15 | 10 | 10 | 70 |
4-6 | 20 | 44 | 112 | 44 | 24 | 500 | 20 | 10 | 10 | 90 | |
7-10 | 28 | 62 | 132 | 52 | 28 | 700 | 30 | 10 | 10 | 120 | |
Males | 11-14 | 45 | 99 | 157 | 62 | 45 | 1,000 | 45 | 12 | 15 | 150 |
15-18 | 66 | 145 | 176 | 69 | 59 | 1,000 | 65 | 12 | 15 | 150 | |
19-24 | 72 | 160 | 177 | 70 | 58 | 1,000 | 70 | 10 | 15 | 150 | |
25-50 | 79 | 174 | 176 | 70 | 63 | 1,000 | 80 | 10 | 15 | 150 | |
51+ | 77 | 170 | 173 | 68 | 63 | 1,000 | 80 | 10 | 15 | 150 | |
Females | 11-14 | 46 | 101 | 157 | 62 | 46 | 800 | 45 | 15 | 12 | 150 |
15-18 | 55 | 120 | 163 | 64 | 44 | 800 | 55 | 15 | 12 | 150 | |
19-24 | 58 | 128 | 164 | 65 | 46 | 800 | 60 | 15 | 12 | 150 | |
25-50 | 63 | 138 | 163 | 64 | 50 | 800 | 65 | 15 | 12 | 150 | |
51+ | 65 | 143 | 160 | 63 | 50 | 800 | 65 | 10 | 12 | 150 | |
Pregnant | ' 60 | 800 | 65 | 30 | 15 | 175 | |||||
Lactating | 1st 6 months | 65 | 1,300 | 65 | 15 | 19 | 200 | ||||
2nd 6 months | 62 | 1,200 | 65 | 15 | 16 | 200 |
Copyright 2000 by the National Academy of Sciences. Reprinted courtesy of the National
Academy Press, Washington, DC.
a The allowances, expressed as average daily intakes over time, are intended to provide
for individual variations among most normal persons as they live in the United States
under usual environmental stresses. Diets should be based on a variety of common foods
in order to provide other nutrients for which human requirements have been less well
defined.
b Weights and heights of Reference Adults are actual medians for the US population of
the designated age, as reported by NHANES II. The median weights and heights of those
under 19 years of age were taken from Hamill et al (1979). The use of these figures
does not imply that the height-to-weight ratios are ideal.
c Retinol equivalents 1 retinol equivalent=1μg retinol or 6μg β-carotene.
1 This table does not include nutrients for which Dietary Reference Intakes have recently
been established (see Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium,
Vitamin D, and Fluoride [1997], Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin,
Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline [1998], and Dietary Reference ntakes for Vitamin
E, Vitamin C, Selenium, and Carotenoids [2000]).
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© 2000 American Dietetic Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.